@article{rahn-2024-cdyn,
title = {Toward unraveling airborne pathogen transmission in crowds: Parameter study for an agent-based exposure model},
author = {Rahn, Simon and Köster, Gerta and Bungartz, Hans-Joachim},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106524},
year  = {2024},
date = {2024-04-08},
urldate = {2024-04-08},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {175},
pages = {106524},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has put forth the integration of pathogen transmission into microscopic crowd models to simulate the exposure risk for individuals. However, it is crucial to account for uncertainties in the model input as long as we lack data, particularly regarding airborne transmission of the coronavirus. In this study, we quantify uncertainties in such simulations to increase their reliability and informative value. We consider this an integral aspect of model validation. This study relies on a model originally introduced in a previous contribution. We adapt it to simulate airborne virus transmission in several everyday situations. The locomotion layer of the model captures crowd management strategies, while its pathogen transmission layer returns the virtual persons? exposures to pathogens. We conduct a global sensitivity analysis to rank uncertain parameters according to their impact on the exposure risk and employ forward propagation techniques to quantify the output uncertainty. The sensitivity analysis reveals that two model parameters related to the extent and spread of aerosols are essential, whereas a parameter describing the decay of pathogens is barely influential. The forward propagation demonstrates how crowd management alleviates the exposure risk in the analyzed situations. Moreover, we identify aerosol spread as a dominant aspect on which research should focus.},
keywords = {exposure, pathogen, peddyngroup, sensitivity analysis, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{mayr-2023-cdyn,
title = {Designing mobile application messages to impact route choice: A survey and simulation study},
author = {Christina Maria Mayr and Anne Templeton and Gerta Köster},
editor = { Charitha Dias},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0284540},
year  = {2023},
date = {2023-04-20},
urldate = {2023-04-20},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
volume = {18},
pages = {1-20},
abstract = {Crowd congestion is a common issue at train stations around major sports events, and puts passengers at risk and lowers service quality. Guiding arriving fans along less traveled routes may alleviate congestion. Smartphone apps provide a medium to deliver route suggestions but the messages they provide are pivotal to adherence. We explore how message design affects pedestrians’ willingness to follow route instructions. We present an online survey conducted with two groups: football fans, and students and faculty associates. We vary the presence of top down views of the route choices at train station Münchner Freiheit in Munich, real-time information on congestion, and appeals to team spirit. We compute a distribution of route choices that suggests that congestion may be reduced with the right combination of message components for each target group. We then use a computer simulation to investigate the congestion situation. Our results suggest that lowest congestion is achieved when people base their decisions on real-time information. The social identity approach is highlighted in our study as having a possible influence on message design. Moreover, it indicates that the implementation of such apps in real-life applications can improve safety. Our methodology can be applied to other scenarios to test the suitability of apps and message designs.},
keywords = {crowd management, peddyngroup, survey},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{mayr-2022-cdyn,
title = {Guiding crowds when facing limited compliance: Simulating strategies},
author = {Christina Maria Mayr and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0276229},
year  = {2022},
date = {2022-11-11},
urldate = {2022-11-11},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
volume = {17},
number = {11},
pages = {1-24},
abstract = {At traffic hubs, it is important to avoid congestion of pedestrian streams to ensure safety and a good level of service. This presents a challenge, since distributing crowds on different routes is much more difficult than opening valves to, for example, regulate fluid flow. Humans may or may not comply with re-directions suggested to them typically with the help of signage, loudspeakers, apps, or by staff. This remains true, even if they perceive and understand the suggestions. Yet, simulation studies so far have neglected the influence of compliance. In view of this, we complement a state-of-the-art model of crowd motion and crowd behavior, so that we can vary the compliance rate. We consider an abstracted scenario that is inspired by a metro station in the city of Munich, where traffic regulators wish to make some passengers abandon the obviously shortest route so that the flow evens out. We investigate the effect of compliance for two very simple guiding strategies. In the first strategy, we alternate routes. In the second strategy, we recommend the path with the lowest crowd density. We observe that, in both cases, it suffices to reroute a small fraction of the crowd to reduce travel times. But we also find that taking densities into account is much more efficient when facing low compliance rates.},
keywords = {crowd management, peddyngroup, route choice, Vadere},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{rahn-2022,
title = {Modelling airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at a local scale},
author = {Simon Rahn and Marion Gödel and Gerta Köster and Gesine Hofinger},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0273820},
year  = {2022},
date = {2022-08-30},
urldate = {2022-08-30},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
volume = {17},
number = {8},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has changed our lives and still poses a challenge to science. Numerous studies have contributed to a better understanding of the pandemic. In particular, inhalation of aerosolised pathogens has been identified as essential for transmission. This information is crucial to slow the spread, but the individual likelihood of becoming infected in everyday situations remains uncertain. Mathematical models help estimate such risks. In this study, we propose how to model airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at a local scale. In this regard, we combine microscopic crowd simulation with a new model for disease transmission. Inspired by compartmental models, we describe virtual persons as infectious or susceptible. Infectious persons exhale pathogens bound to persistent aerosols, whereas susceptible ones absorb pathogens when moving through an aerosol cloud left by the infectious person. The transmission depends on the pathogen load of the aerosol cloud, which changes over time. We propose a 'high risk' benchmark scenario to distinguish critical from non-critical situations. A parameter study of a queue shows that the new model is suitable to evaluate the risk of exposure qualitatively and, thus, enables scientists or decision-makers to better assess the spread of COVID-19 and similar diseases.},
keywords = {aerosol, agent-based, airborne transmission, covid-19, infection, modeling, pathogen, peddyngroup, pedestrian dynamics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{goedel-2022-cdyn,
title = {Bayesian inference methods to calibrate crowd dynamics models for safety applications},
author = {Marion Gödel and Nikolai Bode and Gerta Köster and Hans-Joachim Bungartz},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105586},
year  = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {147},
pages = {105586},
abstract = {Crowd simulation is a crucial tool to assess risks and engineer crowd safety at events and in built infrastructure. Simulations can be used for what-if studies, for real-time predictions, as well as to develop regulations for crowd safety. A reliable prediction requires a carefully calibrated model. Model parameters are often calibrated as point estimates, single parameter values for which the model evaluation fits given data best. In contrast, Bayesian inference provides a full posterior distribution for the fitted parameters that includes the residual uncertainty after calibration. In this work, we calibrate a microscopic model and an emulator derived from a microscopic model for crowd dynamics using point estimates and Approximate Bayesian Computation. We calibrate on data measuring the flow through a key scenario of crowd safety: a bottleneck. We vary the bottleneck width and demonstrate via three case studies the advantages and shortcomings of the two calibration techniques. In a case with a unimodal posterior, both methods yield similar results. However, one safety-relevant case study, that mimics the dynamics of evacuating people squeezing through an opening, exhibits a faster-is-slower dynamic where multiple free-flow speeds lead to the same flow. In this case, only Bayesian inference reveals the true bimodal shape of the posterior distribution. For multidimensional calibration, we illustrate that Bayesian inference allows accurate calibration by describing parameter relations. We conclude that, in practice, point estimation often seems sufficient, but Bayesian inference methods are necessary to capture important structural information about the uncertain parameters, and thus the physics of safety.},
keywords = {bayesian inversion, peddyngroup, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@phdthesis{goedel-2022c-cdyn,
title = {Systematic parameter analysis to reduce uncertainty in crowd simulations},
author = {Marion Gödel},
year  = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
school = {Technical University of Munich and Hochschule München},
abstract = {Crowd simulations are an indispensable tool to review evacuation concepts. Since uncertainties limit their reliability, I propose and implement a three-step approach to reduce epistemic uncertainties: I identify influential parameters, calibrate them, and quantify the output uncertainty for a safety-relevant scenario. The result is a specific model that provides predictions with considerably less uncertainty. In this way, this work contributes to increasing the reliability of crowd simulations.},
keywords = {bayesian inversion, peddyngroup, pedestrian dynamics, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@article{goedel-2022b-cdyn,
title = {Towards learning dynamic origin-destination matrices from crowd density heatmaps},
author = {Marion Gödel and Daniel Lehmberg and Rebecca Brydon and Ernst Bosina and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1088/1742-5468/ac6255},
year  = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {JSTAT},
abstract = {Knowing the origins and destinations of pedestrians' paths is key to the initialization of crowd simulations. Unfortunately, they are difficult to measure in the real world. This is one major challenge for live predictions during events such as festivals, soccer games, protest marches, and many others. Sensor data can be used to feed real-world observations into simulations in real-time. As input data for this study, we use density heatmaps generated from real-world trajectory data obtained from stereo sensors. Density information is compact, of constant size, and in general easier to obtain than e.g., individual trajectories. Therefore, the information limitation improves the applicability to other scenarios. We include the absolute pedestrian trip counts from origins to destinations during a brief time interval in an OD matrix, including unknown destinations due to sensor errors. Our goal is to estimate these OD matrices from a series of density heatmaps for the same interval. For this, we compute the ground truth OD matrices and density heatmaps using real-world trajectory data from a train station. We employ linear regression as a statistical learning method for estimation. We observe that the linear share of the relationship between density and OD matrix is estimated successfully. Nevertheless, a portion of the data remains that cannot be explained. We attempt to overcome this difficulty with random forest as a nonlinear model. The results indicate that both a linear and a nonlinear model can estimate some features of the OD matrices. However, there is no clear winner in terms of the chosen metric, the $R2^$ score. Overall, our findings are a strong indicator that OD matrices can indeed be estimated from density heatmaps extracted automatically from sensors.},
keywords = {machine learning, peddyngroup, pedestrian dynamics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@phdthesis{lehmberg-2022-cdyn,
title = {Operator-informed machine learning: Extracting geometry and dynamics from time series data},
author = {Daniel Lehmberg},
year  = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
school = {Technical University of Munich and Hochschule München},
abstract = {This thesis explores an operator-informed approach to extract geometric and dynamic coordinates from time series. The main architecture consists of time delay embedding, the Laplace-Beltrami, and the Koopman operators. I transfer the numerical frameworks to a software solution. By analyzing concrete data scenarios I show that the approach is useful to accurately identify and predict the system. The model's components provide insight into the system, also in real-world and large-scale settings.},
keywords = {machine learning, peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@article{lehmberg-2021-cdyn,
title = {Modeling Melburnians—Using the Koopman operator to gain insight into crowd dynamics},
author = { Daniel Lehmberg and Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0968090X21004265},
doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2021.103437},
year  = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2021-12-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {133},
pages = {103437},
abstract = {Describing and forecasting city traffic is challenging, given the array of factors influencing the movement of pedestrians and vehicles. Faced with this complexity, research has focused on machine learning as a way to capture spatio-temporal traffic patterns, based on past sensor data. While the methods can accurately forecast high-dimensional observations, it is often hard to explain the models and their predictions. In many cases, only the predictive performance of an otherwise black box model is evaluated. An accurate but explainable alternative is provided by the Koopman operator, an emerging methodology for data-driven identification of high-dimensional and nonlinear dynamical systems. In this study, we showcase the method by analyzing pedestrian traffic data from Melbourne, Australia. We formulate our computations in the Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition framework, where we approximate the Koopman operator in a function basis computed with time delay embedding and the Diffusion Map algorithm. The model captures the distinct temporal patterns of 11 traffic sensors simultaneously. Because the dynamics become linear in the operator-theoretic perspective, we can decompose the model into its spectral components. Importantly, these components facilitate interpretation and can increase scientific understanding of the underlying system and the model’s operations. For the Melbourne data, we show that the spectral components connect to the underlying state space geometry and indicate the model’s stability over a prediction horizon. Our study showcases how the Koopman operator framework offers explainable and accurate data-driven predictions in a real-world traffic system. The results can easily be transferred to other traffic systems.},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{rahn-2021-cdyn,
title = {Dynamics of a Simulated Demonstration March: An Efficient Sensitivity Analysis},
author = {Simon Rahn and Marion Gödel and Rainer Fischer and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.3390/su13063455},
year  = {2021},
date = {2021-03-21},
urldate = {2021-03-21},
journal = {Sustainability},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {3455},
publisher = {MDPI},
abstract = {Protest demonstrations are a manifestation of fundamental rights. Authorities are responsible for guiding protesters safely along predefined routes, typically set in an urban built environment. Microscopic crowd simulations support decision-makers in finding sustainable crowd management strategies. Planning routes usually requires knowledge about the length of the demonstration march. This case study quantifies the impact of two uncertain parameters, the number of protesters and the standard deviation of their free-flow speeds, on the length of a protest march through Kaiserslautern, Germany. Over 1000 participants walking through more than 100,000 m2 lead to a computationally demanding model that cannot be analyzed with a standard Monte Carlo ansatz. We select and apply analysis methods that are efficient for large topographies. This combination constitutes the main novelty of this paper: We compute Sobol’ indices with two different methods, based on polynomial chaos expansions, for a down-scaled version of the original set-up and compare them to Monte Carlo computations. We employ the more accurate of the approaches for the full-scale scenario. The global sensitivity analysis reveals a shift in the governing parameter from the number of protesters to the standard deviation of their free-flow speeds over time, stressing the benefits of a time-dependent analysis. We discuss typical actions, for example floats that reduce the variation of the free-flow speed, and their effectiveness in view of the findings.},
keywords = {crowd management, forward propagation, peddyngroup, sensitivity analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{mayr-2021-cdyn,
title = {Social distancing with the Optimal Steps Model},
author = {Christina Maria Mayr and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2021.116},
year  = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
volume = {6},
keywords = {model, peddyngroup, social distancing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{kurtc-2021-cdyn,
title = {Sensitivity Analysis for Resilient Safety Design: Application to a Bottleneck Scenario},
author = {Valentina Kurtc and Gerta Köster and Rainer Fischer},
editor = {John Littlewood and Robert J Howlett and Lakhmi C Jain},
doi = {10.1007/978-981-15-8783-2_21},
year  = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
booktitle = {Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2020},
volume = {203},
pages = {255--264},
publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH},
abstract = {Microscopic crowd simulations have become an essential tool 
to devise safety strategies within built environments. Evacuating a building 
means guiding pedestrians trough a series of corridors and doors, that 
is, a series of bottlenecks. Thus, bottlenecks are of particular importance 
in simulation studies. Simulation models depend on a number of parameters 
whose exact values are often unknown. Prominent examples are the 
number of pedestrians or their free-ow speeds. We carry out sensitivity 
studies to analyze the system behaviour when crucial model parameters 
are varied. We compute Sobol' indices using polynomial chaos expansion 
to identify parameters with a strong impact on important evacuation 
quantities such as the density in front of the bottleneck. A further di- 
culty in this process arises from the fact that many simulation models, 
including the one we use, are not strictly deterministic. In this paper, 
we propose a pragmatic approach to deal with this stochasticity of the 
simulation model.},
keywords = {peddyngroup, pedestrian, polynomial chaos, sensitivity analysis, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{mayr-2021,
title = {Analysis of information dissemination through direct communication in a moving crowd},
author = {Christina Maria Mayr and Stefan Schuhbäck and Lars Wischhof and Gerta Köster},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753521002307},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105386},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {142},
pages = {105386},
abstract = {New generation mobile communication protocols, such as the 5G standards, allow direct communication between devices. This allows to disseminate information directly in a moving crowd. In a safety concept, this information could be used to redirect pedestrians away from danger. We couple state-of-the-art computer models of pedestrian motion and mobile device-to-device communication to build a model of this complex socio-technical system. The model captures the interplay between information dissemination and human behavior. We further harness methods of uncertainty quantification to pinpoint the parameters that most influence the systems functionality for a scenario where pedestrians are redirected. We bundle successful analysis methods to suggest a procedure for future studies. We find that, in our scenario, there are rare cases of information dissemination delayed by shadowing and additional network load from apps, where agents cannot be redirected in time. Our simulation tools and methodology can help to detect such problems and serve as a basis to investigate more complex scenarios and rerouting strategies.},
keywords = {Crowds, Discrete event simulation, Information dissemination, Mobile networks, peddyngroup, sensitivity analysis, Stochasticity},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@phdthesis{zoennchen-2021,
title = {Efficient parallel algorithms for large-scale pedestrian simulation},
author = {Benedikt Sebastian Zönnchen},
year  = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
address = {München},
school = {Technische Universität München},
keywords = {eikonal equation, navigation fields, peddyngroup, pedestrian dynamics, pedestrian stream simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@phdthesis{kleinmeier-2021,
title = {Modeling of Behavioral Changes in Agent-Based Simulations},
author = {Benedikt Kleinmeier},
year  = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
address = {München},
school = {Technische Universität München},
keywords = {behavioral changes, computer science, experiment, humans, modeling, peddyngroup, pedestrian dynamics, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@inbook{templeton-2020c-cdyn,
title = {Modeling Collective Behaviour: Insights and Applications from Crowd Psychology},
author = {Anne Templeton and Fergus Neville},
editor = {Livio Gibelli},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-50450-2_4},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-10-24},
booktitle = {Crowd Dynamics: Theory, Models and Applications},
volume = {2},
publisher = {Birkhäuser, Cham},
series = {Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology},
abstract = {Research from crowd psychology and pedestrian dynamics can inform one another to improve understandings and predictions of collective behaviour. In this chapter, we provide an overview of theoretical insights from crowd psychology on intragroup and intergroup behaviour and discuss possible avenues for implementing principles of the social identity approach into pedestrian models. Specifically, we debate the use of outdated assumptions of crowd behaviour, discuss how the core tenets of social identity theory and self-categorisation theory are central to understanding collective behaviour, showcase how perceptions and experiences of crowd members can be dynamic and influence their perceived safety and behaviour, and then point to recent trends in using crowd psychology to inform models of pedestrian movement and behaviour in emergencies. Finally, we examine barriers to incorporating social psychological theory into models, and look ahead to potential collaborative projects to improve crowd safety and experiences.},
keywords = {behavior, crowd, modeling, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
@article{kleinmeier-2020b,
title = {Agent-based simulation of collective cooperation: from experiment to model},
author = {Benedikt Kleinmeier and Gerta Köster and John Drury},
doi = {10.1098/rsif.2020.0396},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-10-07},
journal = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
volume = {17},
number = {171},
pages = {20200396},
abstract = {Simulation models of pedestrian dynamics have become an invaluable tool for evacuation planning. Typically, crowds are assumed to stream unidirectionally towards a safe area. Simulated agents avoid collisions through mechanisms that belong to each individual, such as being repelled from each other by imaginary forces. But classic locomotion models fail when collective cooperation is called for, notably when an agent, say a first-aid attendant, needs to forge a path through a densely packed group. We present a controlled experiment to observe what happens when humans pass through a dense static crowd. We formulate and test hypotheses on salient phenomena. We discuss our observations in a psychological framework. We derive a model that incorporates: agents’ perception and cognitive processing of a situation that needs cooperation; selection from a portfolio of behaviours, such as being cooperative; and a suitable action, such as swapping places. Agents’ ability to successfully get through a dense crowd emerges as an effect of the psychological model.},
keywords = {behavioral changes, peddyngroup, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{fernandez-2020-cdyn,
title = {Auto-adaptive multi-scale Laplacian Pyramids for modeling non-uniform data},
author = {Ángela Fernández and Neta Rabin and Dalia Fishelov and José R. Dorronsoro},
doi = {10.1016/j.engappai.2020.103682},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-08-01},
volume = {93},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{richards-2020-cdyn,
title = {A review of software for crowd simulation},
author = {Thomas Richards},
url = {https://urban-analytics.github.io/dust/docs/ped_sim_review.pdf},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-03-10},
note = {Leeds Institute for Data Science (LIDA), University of Leeds. Accessed: 4. November 2020},
keywords = {comparison, crowd, pedestrian, review, simulation, software},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{pouw-2020b-cdyn,
title = {Monitoring physical distancing for crowd management: real-time trajectory and group analysis},
author = {Caspar A. S. Pouw and Federico Toschi and Frank Schadewijk and Alessandro Corbetta},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.06962},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {arxiv},
volume = {arXiv:2007.06962},
abstract = {Physical distancing, as a measure to contain the spreading of Covid-19, is defining a "new normal". Unless belonging to a family, pedestrians in shared spaces are asked to observe a minimal (country-dependent) pairwise distance. Coherently, managers of public spaces may be tasked with the enforcement or monitoring of this constraint. As privacy-respectful real-time tracking of pedestrian dynamics in public spaces is a growing reality, it is natural to leverage on these tools to analyze the adherence to physical distancing and compare the effectiveness of crowd management measurements. Typical questions are: "in which conditions non-family members infringed social distancing?", "Are there repeated offenders?", and "How are new crowd management measures performing?". Notably, dealing with large crowds, e.g. in train stations, gets rapidly computationally challenging. 
In this work we have a two-fold aim: first, we propose an efficient and scalable analysis framework to process, offline or in real-time, pedestrian tracking data via a sparse graph. The framework tackles efficiently all the questions mentioned above, representing pedestrian-pedestrian interactions via vector-weighted graph connections. On this basis, we can disentangle distance offenders and family members in a privacy-compliant way. Second, we present a thorough analysis of mutual distances and exposure-times in a Dutch train platform, comparing pre-Covid and current data via physics observables as Radial Distribution Functions. The versatility and simplicity of this approach, developed to analyze crowd management measures in public transport facilities, enable to tackle issues beyond physical distancing, for instance the privacy-respectful detection of groups and the analysis of their motion patterns.},
keywords = {corona, covid-19, crowd, empirical, pandemic, social distancing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ramos-2020-cdyn,
title = {Route choice behaviour and travel information in a congested network: Static and dynamic recursive models},
author = {G. Moraes Ramos and T. Mai and W. Daamen and E. Frejinger and Serge P. Hoogendoorn},
doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2020.02.014},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {114},
pages = {681--693},
keywords = {control, crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ronchi-2020-cdyn,
title = {Use of Crowd Evacuation Models in Times of Pandemic},
author = {Enrico Ronchi and Ruggiero Lovreglio and Rugiada Scozzari and Michele Fronterrè},
url = {https://www.sfpe.org/page/Issue18Feature6},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {SEPE Europe},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has led to dramatic changes in building usage. Governments around the world have adopted different measures to contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2, ranging from strict lockdowns prohibiting building access to recommendations on physical distancing (also called social distancing). As countries around the world gradually re-open and restrictions are removed, building safety should be assessed in light of multiple threats, including virus transmission and fire. This paper analyzes the use of evacuation models in times of pandemic by discussing: 
1. Development of new outputs for the analysis of occupant exposure 
2. Needed changes in crowd evacuation models to produce such outputs and the need for re-assessing crowd movement and behaviour in times of pandemics},
keywords = {corona, covid-19, crowd, evacuation, fire, pandemic, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ronchi-2020b-cdyn,
title = {EXPOSED: An occupant exposure model for confined spaces to retrofit crowd models during a pandemic},
author = {Enrico Ronchi and Ruggiero Lovreglio},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104834},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {130},
number = {104834},
abstract = {Crowd models can be used for the simulation of people movement in the built environment. Crowd model 
outputs have been used for evaluating safety and comfort of pedestrians, inform crowd management and perform 
forensic investigations. Microscopic crowd models allow the representation of each person and the obtainment of 
information concerning their location over time and interactions with the physical space/other people. 
Pandemics such as COVID-19 have posed several questions on safe building usage, given the risk of disease 
transmission among building occupants. Here we show how crowd modelling can be used to assess occupant 
exposure in confined spaces. The policies adopted concerning building usage and social distancing during a 
pandemic can vary greatly, and they are mostly based on the macroscopic analysis of the spread of disease rather 
than a safety assessment performed at a building level. The proposed model allows the investigation of occupant 
exposure in buildings based on the analysis of microscopic people movement. Risk assessment is performed by 
retrofitting crowd models with a universal model for exposure assessment which can account for different types 
of disease transmissions. This work allows policy makers to perform informed decisions concerning building 
usage during a pandemic.},
keywords = {corona, covid-19, crowd, modeling, pandemic, pedestrian, simulation, transmission model},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{subaih-2020-cdyn,
title = {Experimental Investigation on the Alleged Gender-Differences in Pedestrian Dynamics: A Study Reveals No Gender Differences in Pedestrian Movement Behavior},
author = {R. Subaih and M. Maree and M. Chraibi and S. Awad and T. Zanoon},
doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2973917},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Access},
volume = {8},
pages = {33748--33757},
abstract = {Pedestrian dynamics are affected by several factors including pedestrian compositions. In this article, we examine the movement characteristics of Palestinian pedestrians using the fundamental diagram for single-file movement experiments conducted with an emphasis on gender compositions. Our findings show that the mean velocity of exclusively male pedestrians is approximately the same as exclusively female pedestrians. 
For instance, when the number of pedestrians is 20, the velocities for male and female are 0.72 +- 0.10 ms -1 and 0.71 +- 0.11 ms -1 , respectively, whereas their velocity decreases gradually if they walk in mixed groups with an average velocity of 0.61 +- 0.11 ms -1 . 
We also compare our findings with other culture-based experiments to demonstrate that pedestrian cultures have an effect on their movement characteristics. Moreover, we demonstrate that age is another factor that affects pedestrians' movement. A comparative analysis is performed between Palestinian and Chinese experiments for this purpose. Our results confirm that for relatively high densities older Chinese pedestrians walk faster than young Palestinians in groups of mixed gender.},
keywords = {experiment, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{templeton-2020-cdyn,
title = {Inequalities and identity processes in crises: Recommendations for facilitating safe response to the COVID-19 pandemic},
author = {Anne Templeton and Selin Tekin Guven and Carina Hoerst and Sara Vestergren and Louise Davidson and Hannah Susie Madsen Ballentyne and Sanjeedah Choudhury},
doi = {10.1111/bjso.12400},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Social Psychology},
volume = {59},
pages = {674--685},
abstract = {Structural inequalities and identity processes are pivotal to understanding public response 
to COVID-19. We discuss how identity processes can be used to promote communitylevel 
support, safe normative behaviour, and increase compliance with guidance. 
However, we caution how government failure to account for structural inequalities can 
alienate vulnerable groups, inhibit groups from being able to follow guidance, and lead to 
the creation of new groups in response to illegitimate treatment. Moreover, we look 
ahead to the longitudinal impacts of inequalities during pandemics and advise government 
bodies should address identity-based inequalities to mitigate negative relations with the 
public and subsequent collective protest.},
keywords = {corona, covid-19, crowd, psychology, social identity},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{vadere-2020-cdyn,
title = {Vadere: Open Source Framework for Pedestrian Simulation},
author = {Vadere team},
url = {http://www.vadere.org/},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
note = {Accessed 26. May 2020},
keywords = {modeling, open source, pedestrian, software, Vadere},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@techreport{valkhoff-2020-cdyn,
title = {Pedestrian Dynamics Verification & Validation Document},
author = {Nienke Valkhoff and Paula Godoy},
url = {https://www.incontrolsim.com/},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
institution = {INCONTROL Simulation Solutions, Research & Development Department},
keywords = {pedestrian, simulation, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
@article{webster-2020-cdyn,
title = {A Turing test for crowds},
author = {Jamie Webster and Martyn Amos},
doi = {10.1098/rsos.200307},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
volume = {7},
number = {7},
pages = {200307},
abstract = {The accuracy and believability of crowd simulations underpins computational studies of human collective behaviour, with implications for urban design, policing, security and many other areas. Accuracy concerns the closeness of the fit between a simulation and observed data, and believability concerns the human perception of plausibility. In this paper, we address both issues via a so-called `Turing test' for crowds, using movies generated from both accurate simulations and observations of real crowds. The fundamental question we ask is `Can human observers distinguish between real and simulated crowds' In two studies with student volunteers (n = 384 and n = 156), we find that non-specialist individuals are able to reliably distinguish between real and simulated crowds when they are presented side-by-side, but they are unable to accurately classify them. Classification performance improves slightly when crowds are presented individually, but not enough to out-perform random guessing. We find that untrained individuals have an idealized view of human crowd behaviour which is inconsistent with observations of real crowds. Our results suggest a possible framework for establishing a minimal set of collective behaviours that should be integrated into the next generation of crowd simulation models.},
keywords = {comparison, crowd, experiment, simulation, Vadere},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{xie-2020-cdyn,
title = {Evacuation performance of individuals and social groups under different visibility conditions: Experiments and surveys},
author = {Wei Xie and Eric Wai Ming Lee and Yanying Cheng and Meng Shi and Ruifeng Cao and Yuchun Zhang},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101527},
issn = {2212-4209},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction},
abstract = {The sooty smoke generated from fire reduces visibility at fire scenes. This not only slows down evacuation, but also affects the mental states of evacuees. A series of evacuation experiments were conducted in a room under different visibility conditions. The crowd was formed by mixing individuals and social groups. Critical results regarding the evacuees travel time, pre-movement time, movement speed and typical behaviour, such as leadership behaviour and following behaviour, were collected. It was found that evacuation time increased, movement speed decreased and flow at exits became discontinuous when visibility was reduced. Group behaviour had a negative effect on evacuation in normal visibility, but the group effect was basically positive in the reduced visibility scenarios. A number of interesting findings were generated. Larger sized groups tend to move side by side, forming a horizontal structure. Smaller sized groups are more likely to form a vertical structure. Similarly, groups with a leader demonstrated vertical movement, distinct from the horizontal movement of groups without a leader. Following behaviour was more notably observed and is advantageous to overall evacuation when visibility reduced. The results of the pre-experiment questionnaire showed that over 80% of the participants walk in groups on campus. The daily walking groups tended to maintain their moving forms even in the case of an emergency evacuation. Physical touch was more widely demonstrated in the emergency groups than in the daily groups. This study furthers the understanding of human behaviour in different visibility evacuation conditions and recognition of the impacts of social groups on crowd dynamics.},
keywords = {ants, evacuation, experiment, fire, group, pedestrian, perception},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{xie-2020b-cdyn,
title = {An uncertainty analysis method for passenger travel time under ship fires: A coupling technique of nested sampling and polynomial chaos expansion method},
author = {Q. Xie and P. Wang and S. Li and J. Wang and S. Lo and W. Wang},
doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106604},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Ocean Engineering},
volume = {195},
keywords = {fire, pedestrian, polynomial chaos, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{yang-2020-cdyn,
title = {A review on crowd simulation and modeling},
author = {Shanwen Yang and Tianrui Li and Xun Gong and Bo Peng and Jie Hu},
doi = {10.1016/j.gmod.2020.101081},
issn = {1524-0703},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Graphical Models},
volume = {111},
pages = {101081},
abstract = {Crowd simulation has emerged in the last decade as a widely used method of visual effects, computer games, and urban planning, etc. The improvement of hardware performance and the urgent need of special effect lead to an unprecedented wave of crowd simulation studies. This paper reports a review of crowd simulation models from traditional methods to recent methods (e.g. group simulation, emotion contagion). Traditional models can simulate general crowd dynamics which have the advantages of both microscopic and macroscopic models. The recent studies of crowd simulation from group simulation to social psychology crowds are possible to simulate realistic crowds. The purpose of this review is to introduce commonly used crowd simulation methods for newcomers to this field by making a systematic literature review, discussions and analysis of different models. The results reveal the traditional models can simulate most of the normal crowds, but lack expressiveness for special groups which needs to be solved urgently in the current applications, particularly on visual effects and urban planning. Group simulation and emotion contagion could improve the simulation realism, but it also needs to be improved in computation cost and model optimization. Also, future research directions are suggested aiming to develop new applications focused on more realistic, natural and efficient crowd simulation.},
keywords = {crowd, hybrid, macroscopic, microscopic, modeling, pedestrian, review},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{yu-2020-cdyn,
title = {Consideration of tactical decisions in microscopic pedestrian simulation: Algorithm and experiments},
author = {Bin Yu},
doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2020.102742},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {119},
keywords = {control, crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{zeng-2018c-cdyn,
title = {Experimental study on the influence of background music on pedestrian movement in high densities},
author = {Guang Zeng and Andreas Schadschneider and Jun Zhang and Weiguo Song},
doi = {10.17815/cd.2020.42},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (PED2018) Lund, Sweden, August 21--23},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
volume = {5},
publisher = {Forschungszentrum Julich, Zentralbibliothek},
abstract = {It is interesting to investigate the effect of background music on pedestrian movement. This paper 
investigates the properties of crowd motion with external rhythms. With rhythm, pedestrians stop more 
frequently than without any rhythm. The stopping also increases with the increment of the tempo. Velocity and 
flow with rhythms are lower than that without any rhythm at high densities due to the more frequent stopping. 
Stepping behavior analysis shows that the step frequency with rhythms is smaller than that without any rhythm, 
especially at high densities. Dynamic coordinated behavior is weakened by music, which also affectsthe stepping 
behavior. Our study will be helpful for understanding the effect of background music on pedestrian movement.},
keywords = {behavior, density, empirical, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{zoennchen-2019b-cdynb,
title = {Vadere---A simulation framework to compare locomotion models},
author = {Benedikt Zönnchen and Benedikt Kleinmeier and Gerta Köster},
editor = {Iker Zuriguel and Ángel Garcimartín and Raúl Cruz},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-55973-1_41},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow 2019},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {Springer Proceedings in Physics},
abstract = {Unlike many dynamical systems in physics, there is no universally accepted locomotion model for crowd dynamics. On the contrary, many different approaches compete, of which some are more suitable for a specific scenario, like evacuations, than others. We showcase how to compare microscopic models based on a real-world experiment using the open-source simulation framework Vadere and two models: the Optimal Steps Model and the Behavioral Heuristics Model. Aside from quantitative aspects, we discuss visual results. Both models are able to reproduce the density-speed relation to a reasonable degree. We also identify model characteristics that led to deviations, thus enhancing our understanding of both models and facilitating the decision which model to choose to investigate a particular real-world situation.},
keywords = {comparison, informatics, model, simulation, Vadere},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{zhao-2020a-cdyn,
title = {Modelling and Interpreting Pre-Evacuation Decision-Making Using Machine Learning},
author = {Xilei Zhao and Ruggiero Lovreglio and Daniel Nilsson},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Automation in Construction},
abstract = {The behaviour of building occupants in the rst stage of an evacuation can dramatically 
impact the time required to evacuate buildings. This behaviour has been widely investigated 
by scholars with a macroscopic approach tting random distributions to represent the 
pre-evacuation time, i.e. time from noticing the rst cue until deliberate movement. However, 
microscopic investigations on how building occupants respond to several social and 
environmental factors are still rare in the literature. 
This paper aims to leverage machine learning as a possible solution to investigate factors 
aecting building occupants' decision-making during pre-evacuation stage. In particular, we 
focus on applying interpretable machine learning to reveal the interactions among the input 
variables and to capture nonlinear relationships between the input variables and the outcome. 
As such, we use a well-established machine-learning algorithm|random forest|to 
model and predict people's emergency behaviour pre-evacuation. We then apply tools to interpret 
the black-box random forest model to extract useful knowledge and gain insights for 
emergency planning. Specically, this algorithm is applied here to investigate the behaviour 
of 569 building occupants split between ve unannounced evacuation drills in a cinema theatre. 
The results indicate that both social and environmental factors aect the probability 
of responding. Several independent variables, such as the time elapsed after the alarm has 
started and the decision-maker's group size, are presenting strong nonlinear relationships 
with the probability of switching to the response stage. Furthermore, we nd interactions 
exist between the row number where the decision-maker sits and the number of responding 
occupants visible to her; the complex relationship between the outcome and these two variables 
can be visualized by using a two-dimensional partial dependence plot. An interesting 
nding is that a decision-maker is more sensitive to the proportion of responding occupants 
than the number of them; hence, the people sitting in the back are often responding more 
slowly than the people in the front.},
keywords = {ants, behavior, evacuation, experiment, machine learning, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{fu-2020-cdyn,
title = {Dynamic analysis of stepping behavior of pedestrian social groups on stairs},
author = {L. Fu and L. Fu and Y. Liu and P. Yang and Y. Shi and Y. Zhao and J. Fang},
doi = {10.1088/1742-5468/ab8c37},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
volume = {2020},
number = {6},
abstract = {Human movement dynamics is highly correlated with stepping locomotion. This paper aims to explore stepping behavior of pedestrian social groups on stairs through a field observation. A total of 96 singles and 194 pedestrian groups with different sizes were adopted as test subjects. Their stepping features such as speed, step length, step time and step width were obtained according to trajectory extraction and curvature calculation. Relations between these variables during ascending and descending movement on stairs are analyzed and compared. The effects of group sizes and movement processes on stepping locomotion are also discussed. It is discovered that both step time and step width for groups with larger size are significantly higher during descending movement. This study provides a new insight into stepping behavior of pedestrian groups on stairs, and is beneficial to group movement modelling and pedestrian facility design.},
keywords = {empirical, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{ginkel-2020-cdyn,
title = {Demonstranten fordern mehr Grün und mehr Platz für Radfahrer in Kaiserslautern},
author = {Benjamin Ginkel},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
howpublished = {Online: urlhttps://www.rheinpfalz.de/lokal/kaiserslautern_artikel,-demonstranten-fordern-mehr-gr%C3%BCn-und-mehr-platz-f%C3%BCr-radfahrer-in-kaiserslautern-_arid,5115008.html},
note = {Accessed December 9, 2020},
keywords = {crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{goedel-2018-cdynb,
title = {Can we learn where people go?},
author = {Marion Gödel and Gerta Köster and Daniel Lehmberg and Manfred Gruber and Angelika Kneidl and Florian Sesser},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2020.43},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2018},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
abstract = {In most agent-based simulators, pedestrians navigate from origins to destinations. Consequently, destinations are essential input parameters to the simulation. While many other relevant parameters as positions, speeds and densities can be obtained from sensors, like cameras, destinations cannot be observed directly. Our research question is: Can we obtain this information from video data using machine learning methods? We usedensity heatmaps, which indicate the pedestrian density within a given camera cutout, as input to predict the destination distributions. For our proof of concept, we train a Random Forest predictor on an exemplary data set generated with the Vadere microscopic simulator. The scenario is a crossroad where pedestrians can head left, straight or right. In addition, we gain first insights on suitable placement of the camera. The results motivate an in-depth analysis of the methodology.},
keywords = {machine learning, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{goedel-2020-cdynb,
title = {Sensitivity Analysis for Microscopic Crowd Simulation},
author = {Marion Gödel and Rainer Fischer and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.3390/a13070162},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
issuetitle = {Methods and Applications of Uncertainty Quantification in Engineering and Science},
journal = {Algorithms},
volume = {13},
issue = {7},
abstract = {Microscopic crowd simulation can help to enhance the safety of pedestrians in situations that range from museum visits to music festivals. To obtain a useful prediction, the input parameters must be chosen carefully. In many cases, a lack of knowledge or limited measurement accuracy add uncertainty to the input. In addition, for meaningful parameter studies, we first need to identify the most influential parameters of our parametric computer models. The field of uncertainty quantification offers standardized and fully automatized methods that we believe to be beneficial for pedestrian dynamics. In addition, many methods come at a comparatively low cost, even for computationally expensive problems. This allows for their application to larger scenarios. We aim to identify and adapt fitting methods to microscopic crowd simulation in order to explore their potential in pedestrian dynamics. In this work, we first perform a variance-based sensitivity analysis using Sobol' indices and then crosscheck the results by a derivative-based measure, the activity scores. We apply both methods to a typical scenario in crowd simulation, a bottleneck. Because constrictions can lead to high crowd densities and delays in evacuations, several experiments and simulation studies have been conducted for this setting. We show qualitative agreement between the results of both methods. Additionally, we identify a one-dimensional subspace in the input parameter space and discuss its impact on the simulation. Moreover, we analyze and interpret the sensitivity indices with respect to the bottleneck scenario.},
keywords = {active subspaces, pedestrian, sensitivity analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{haghani-2020a-cdyn,
title = {Empirical methods in pedestrian, crowd and evacuation dynamics: Part I, experimental methods and emerging topics},
author = {Milad Haghani},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104743},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {129},
pages = {104743},
abstract = {The role of data-driven approaches in studies of crowd behaviour has received an unprecedented recognition in 
recent years. As a result, the size of the empirical crowd dynamics literature has rapidly grown and has more than 
doubled within only the last two years. This paper comprehensively reviews experimental studies of pedestrian 
dynamics published between April 2017 and July 2019. The aim is to capture the unprecedented growth of the 
experimental literature, analyse the ways in which the research landscape is changing and identify the emerging 
topics. Laboratory crowd experiments were found the most popular among all empirical methods, covering the 
most diverse range of topics and constituting nearly half of the empirical literature. The use of animal/insect 
crowd experiments, on the other hand, appears to be on the decline. Virtual-reality and evacuation-drill studies 
have maintained their popularity. Pedestrian flow at bottlenecks, walking behaviour and route choice persist to 
be the top conventional topics. However, new research themes have emerged or have notably gained heightened 
momentum. This includes the evacuation of vulnerable groups (i.e. elderly, children, mobility impaired), vertical 
evacuation, evacuation under limited visibility, social groups and evacuation training/education. While the top 
conventional topics are predominantly explored through laboratory crowd experiments, the methods of evacuation 
drills and virtual reality are proving more instrumental in studying the top emerging topics. This highlights 
the complementary relation of various experimental approaches in this field. More work seems to be needed 
to establish the transferability of experimental findings across methods, geometric layouts, contexts and demographics.},
keywords = {empirical, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{haghani-2020b-cdyn,
title = {Empirical methods in pedestrian, crowd and evacuation dynamics: Part II. Field methods and controversial topics},
author = {Milad Haghani},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104760},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {129},
pages = {104760},
abstract = {Following the review of the experimental methods and top emerging topics, here, studies using the field data collection methods of pedestrian dynamics (April 2017-July 2019) are reviewed. This includes studies based on post-disaster analysis of real emergencies and past crowd incidents, field pedestrian observations in natural settings, and qualitative interviews with survivors of fire and other emergency incidents. The method of collecting field observations in natural settings is identified to be gaining increasing traction among other field methods (compared to the years preceding 2017) which in part reflects the recent growing attention to the calibration and validation of simulation models. Also, by assembling and analysing the entire body of empirical crowd literature from 1995 to 2019, this review identifies a list of controversial topics and puts a spotlight on recent experiments that have revisited and, in cases, challenged/modified certain long-held assumptions in crowd dynamics. Nine major controversial topics of crowd dynamics are identified for which mixed or contradictory empirical evidence exist. This includes questions related to the flow of pedestrians through bottlenecks (i.e. the faster-is-slower effect, partial obstruction effect, exit location effect, the nature of exit width-capacity relationship), as well as the decision-making aspects of pedestrian evacuations (i.e. the symmetry breaking phenomenon, and the effect of urgency level on various aspects of decision-making) and other topics such as the effect of social groups on evacuation efficiency or the effect of additional exits on blind evacuation efficiency. It is hoped that the discussions on these topics pave the way for further investigating and explaining these inconsistencies and settling the questions surrounding them.},
keywords = {crowd, empirical, evacuation, fire, pedestrian, safety},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{hamacher-2020-cdyn,
title = {OPMoPS - TU Kaiserslautern},
author = {Horst Hamacher and Stefan Ruzika},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
howpublished = {Online: urlhttps://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/en/opt/research/research-projects/opmops/},
note = {Accessed December 3, 2020},
keywords = {crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@inproceedings{kleinmeier-2019b-cdynb,
title = {Experimental Setups to Observe Evasion Maneuvers in Low and High Densities},
author = {Benedikt Kleinmeier and Gerta Köster},
editor = {Iker Zuriguel and Ángel Garcimartín and Raúl Cruz},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-55973-1_15},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow 2019},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {Springer Proceedings in Physics},
abstract = {Crowd simulations depend on empirical evidence as basis for 
model development. However, for many scenarios with high practical impact such evidence is still scarce. There are compelling reasons for this: Experiments involving human participants are expensive, labor intensive, and they carry a high risk for bias. This applies to both sides, experimenter and participants. In this contribution we present two experiment setups to observe pedestrian motion through high and low densities. We focus on the measures we take to avoid observer bias, undue influence on the participants and learning effects. In the first experiment, a waiting crowd of 13 participants is passed by a walking proband. In the second experiment, a waiting dyad is passed by a walking proband. Our experiment designs ensure that we can provide the scientific community with reliable data on a crowd phenomenon where evidence is still missing: single pedestrians maneuvering through a crowd.},
keywords = {ants, crowd, experiment, pedestrian, static, stationary},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{kwak-2020-cdyn,
title = {Modeling helping behavior in emergency evacuations using volunteer's dilemma game},
author = {J. Kwak and M. H. Lees and W. Cai and M. E. H. Ong},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-50371-0_38},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)},
volume = {12137 LNCS},
pages = {513-523},
abstract = {People often help others who are in trouble, especially in 
emergency evacuation situations. For instance, during the 2005 London 
bombings, it was reported that evacuees helped injured persons to escape 
the place of danger. In terms of game theory, it can be understood that 
such helping behavior provides a collective good while it is a costly behavior 
because the volunteers spend extra time to assist the injured persons 
in case of emergency evacuations. In order to study the collective effects 
of helping behavior in emergency evacuations, we have performed numerical 
simulations of helping behavior among evacuees in a room evacuation 
scenario. Our simulation model is based on the volunteer's dilemma game 
reflecting volunteering cost. The game theoretic model is coupled with 
a social force model to understand the relationship between the spatial 
and social dynamics of evacuation scenarios. By systematically changing 
the cost parameter of helping behavior, we observed different patterns of 
collective helping behaviors and these collective patterns are summarized 
with a phase diagram.},
note = {cited By 0},
keywords = {evacuation, gaming, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{molyneaux-2020-cdyn,
title = {Design and analysis of control strategies for pedestrian flows},
author = {Nicholas Molyneaux and Riccardo Scarinci and Michel Bierlaire},
doi = {10.1007/s11116-020-10111-1},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Transportation},
keywords = {control, crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{muas-2020-cdyn,
title = {Munich University of Applied Sciences - Research Project - OPMOPS - Organized Pedestrian Movement in Public Spaces},
author = {Munich University Applied Sciences},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
howpublished = {Online: urlhttps://www.hm.edu/en/research/projects/project_details/koester_1/details_opmops.en.html},
note = {Accessed December 16, 2020},
keywords = {crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{goedel-2018-cdyn,
title = {Can we learn where people go?},
author = {Marion Gödel and Gerta Köster and Daniel Lehmberg and Manfred Gruber and Angelika Kneidl and Florian Sesser},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2020.43},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2018},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
abstract = {In most agent-based simulators, pedestrians navigate from origins to destinations. Consequently, destinations are essential input parameters to the simulation. While many other relevant parameters as positions, speeds and densities can be obtained from sensors, like cameras, destinations cannot be observed directly. Our research question is: Can we obtain this information from video data using machine learning methods? We usedensity heatmaps, which indicate the pedestrian density within a given camera cutout, as input to predict the destination distributions. For our proof of concept, we train a Random Forest predictor on an exemplary data set generated with the Vadere microscopic simulator. The scenario is a crossroad where pedestrians can head left, straight or right. In addition, we gain first insights on suitable placement of the camera. The results motivate an in-depth analysis of the methodology.},
keywords = {machine learning, peddyngroup, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{goedel-2020-cdyn,
title = {Sensitivity Analysis for Microscopic Crowd Simulation},
author = {Marion Gödel and Rainer Fischer and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.3390/a13070162},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
issuetitle = {Methods and Applications of Uncertainty Quantification in Engineering and Science},
journal = {Algorithms},
volume = {13},
abstract = {Microscopic crowd simulation can help to enhance the safety of pedestrians in situations that range from museum visits to music festivals. To obtain a useful prediction, the input parameters must be chosen carefully. In many cases, a lack of knowledge or limited measurement accuracy add uncertainty to the input. In addition, for meaningful parameter studies, we first need to identify the most influential parameters of our parametric computer models. The field of uncertainty quantification offers standardized and fully automatized methods that we believe to be beneficial for pedestrian dynamics. In addition, many methods come at a comparatively low cost, even for computationally expensive problems. This allows for their application to larger scenarios. We aim to identify and adapt fitting methods to microscopic crowd simulation in order to explore their potential in pedestrian dynamics. In this work, we first perform a variance-based sensitivity analysis using Sobol' indices and then crosscheck the results by a derivative-based measure, the activity scores. We apply both methods to a typical scenario in crowd simulation, a bottleneck. Because constrictions can lead to high crowd densities and delays in evacuations, several experiments and simulation studies have been conducted for this setting. We show qualitative agreement between the results of both methods. Additionally, we identify a one-dimensional subspace in the input parameter space and discuss its impact on the simulation. Moreover, we analyze and interpret the sensitivity indices with respect to the bottleneck scenario.},
keywords = {active subspaces, peddyngroup, pedestrian, sensitivity analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{kleinmeier-2019b-cdyn,
title = {Experimental Setups to Observe Evasion Maneuvers in Low and High Densities},
author = {Benedikt Kleinmeier and Gerta Köster},
editor = {Iker Zuriguel and Ángel Garcimartín and Raúl Cruz},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-55973-1_15},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow 2019},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {Springer Proceedings in Physics},
abstract = {Crowd simulations depend on empirical evidence as basis for 
model development. However, for many scenarios with high practical impact such evidence is still scarce. There are compelling reasons for this: Experiments involving human participants are expensive, labor intensive, and they carry a high risk for bias. This applies to both sides, experimenter and participants. In this contribution we present two experiment setups to observe pedestrian motion through high and low densities. We focus on the measures we take to avoid observer bias, undue influence on the participants and learning effects. In the first experiment, a waiting crowd of 13 participants is passed by a walking proband. In the second experiment, a waiting dyad is passed by a walking proband. Our experiment designs ensure that we can provide the scientific community with reliable data on a crowd phenomenon where evidence is still missing: single pedestrians maneuvering through a crowd.},
keywords = {ants, crowd, experiment, peddyngroup, pedestrian, static, stationary},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{kleinmeier-2020-cdyn,
title = {Agent-Based Simulation of Collective Cooperation: From Experiment to Model},
author = {Benedikt Kleinmeier and Gerta Köster and John Drury},
doi = {10.1098/rsif.2020.0396},
issn = {1742-5662},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Society Interface},
volume = {17},
pages = {20200396},
abstract = {Simulation models of pedestrian dynamics have become an invaluable tool for evacuation planning. Typically crowds are assumed to stream unidirectionally towards a safe area. Simulated agents avoid collisions through mechanisms that belong to each individual, such as being repelled from each other by imaginary forces. But classic locomotion models fail when collective cooperation is called for, notably when an agent, say a first-aid attendant, needs to forge a path through a densely packed group. We present a controlled experiment to observe what happens when humans pass through a dense static crowd. We formulate and test hypothesis on salient phenomena. We discuss our observations in a psychological framework. We derive a model that incorporates: agents' perception and cognitive processing of a situation that needs cooperation; selection from a portfolio of behaviours, such as being cooperative; and a suitable action, such as swapping places. Agents' ability to successfully get through a dense crowd emerges as an effect of the psychological model.},
keywords = {behavior, crowd, density, experiment, informatics, modeling, peddyngroup, psychology, static, stationary},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{zoennchen-2019b-cdyn,
title = {Vadere---A simulation framework to compare locomotion models},
author = {Benedikt Zönnchen and Benedikt Kleinmeier and Gerta Köster},
editor = {Iker Zuriguel and Ángel Garcimartín and Raúl Cruz},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-55973-1_41},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow 2019},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {Springer Proceedings in Physics},
abstract = {Unlike many dynamical systems in physics, there is no universally accepted locomotion model for crowd dynamics. On the contrary, many different approaches compete, of which some are more suitable for a specific scenario, like evacuations, than others. We showcase how to compare microscopic models based on a real-world experiment using the open-source simulation framework Vadere and two models: the Optimal Steps Model and the Behavioral Heuristics Model. Aside from quantitative aspects, we discuss visual results. Both models are able to reproduce the density-speed relation to a reasonable degree. We also identify model characteristics that led to deviations, thus enhancing our understanding of both models and facilitating the decision which model to choose to investigate a particular real-world situation.},
keywords = {comparison, informatics, model, peddyngroup, simulation, Vadere},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{lehmberg-2020-cdyn,
title = {datafold: data-driven models for point clouds and time series on manifolds},
author = {Daniel Lehmberg and Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster and Hans-Joachim Bungartz},
doi = {10.21105/joss.02283},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
volume = {5},
number = {51},
pages = {2283},
publisher = {The Open Journal},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{zoennchen-2020-cdyn,
title = {GPGPU Computing for Microscopic Pedestrian Simulation},
author = {Benedikt Zönnchen and Gerta Köster},
editor = {Ian Foster and Gerhard R Joubert and Luděk Kučera and Wolfgang E Nagel and Frans Peters},
doi = {10.3233/APC200029},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {Parallel Computing: Technology Trends},
volume = {36},
pages = {93-104},
keywords = {gpgpu, peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@misc{accurate-2020-cdyn,
title = {Our simulation model: What is behind it?},
author = {GmbH},
url = {https://www.accu-rate.de/en/the-optimal-steps-model/},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
note = {Accessed 25. May 2012},
keywords = {crowd, informatics, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@conference{baqui-2018-cdyn,
title = {Towards Real-time Monitoring of The Hajj},
author = {Muhammad Baqui and Rainald Löhner},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2020.75},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings from the 9th International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics},
pages = {394--402},
keywords = {machine learning, pedestrian, simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@misc{bmbf-2020-cdyn,
title = {OPMOPS: Organisierte Umzüge und Demonstrationen im Öffentlichen Raum: Planung und Krisenmanagement bei hohem Konfliktpotenzial in Städten - BMBF Sicherheitsforschung},
author = {Bundesministerium Forschung},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
howpublished = {Online urlhttps://www.sifo.de/de/opmops-organisierte-umzuege-und-demonstrationen-im-oeffentlichen-raum-planung-und-2451.html},
note = {Accessed December 3, 2020},
keywords = {crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{boltes-2020-cdyn,
title = {Data archive for exploring pedestrian dynamics and its application in dimensioning of facilities for multidirectional streams},
author = {Maik Boltes and Stefan Holl and Armin Seyfried},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2020.28},
issn = {2366-8539},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
volume = {5},
pages = {17--24},
abstract = {In this paper an overview of an open data archive with data from experiments investigating pedestrian dynamics is presented. As an example of the use of this data the analysis of recently published data about the capacity of crossings is shown.},
keywords = {dimensioning, experiment, multidirectional, trajectories},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{chia-2020-cdyn,
title = {Detection of Air and Surface Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Hospital Rooms of Infected Patients},
author = {Po Ying Chia and Kristen K. Coleman and Yian Kim Tan and Sean Wei Xiang Ong and Marcus Gum and Sok Kiang Lau and Stephanie Sutjipto and Pei Hua Lee and Than The Son and Barnaby E. Young and Donald K. Milton and Gregory C. Gray and Stephan Schuster and Timothy Barkham and Partha Prathim De and Shawn Vasoo and Monica Chan and Brenda Sze Peng Ang and Boon Huan Tan and Yee Sin Leo and Oon-Tek Ng and Michelle Su Yen Wong and Kalisvar Marimuthu},
doi = {10.1101/2020.03.29.20046557},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {MedArXiv},
abstract = {Understanding the particle size distribution in the air and patterns of environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for infection prevention policies. We aimed to detect SARS-CoV-2 surface and air contamination and study associated patient-level factors. 245 surface samples were collected from 30 airborne infection isolation rooms of COVID-19 patients, and air sampling was conducted in 3 rooms. Air sampling detected SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive particles of sizes bigger than 4 mucro m and 1-4 mucro m in two rooms, which warrants further study of the airborne transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2. 56.7% of rooms had at least one environmental surface contaminated. High touch surface contamination was shown in ten (66.7%) out of 15 patients in the first week of illness, and three (20%) beyond the first week of illness (p = 0.01).},
keywords = {ants, corona, covid-19, medicine},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{drury-2020-cdyn,
title = {Recent developments in the psychology of crowds and collective behaviour},
author = {John Drury},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.02.005},
issn = {2352-250X},
year  = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Current Opinion in Psychology},
volume = {35},
pages = {12--16},
abstract = {Research on crowd behaviour has long transcended the narrow obsession with violence that marked its origins [1,2]. Today, studies are much more representative of the variety of crowd events and phenomena. The concern with understanding collective violence still remains a significant strand. Yet the emergence and development of the social identity approach has meant that the limiting assumptions of mindlessness that have hampered psychology in the past have given way to novel insights in the study of crowd conflict as well as in relation to numerous peaceful and less dramatic crowd events. This review of recent developments in research on the psychology of crowds and collective behaviour is divided into four areas. The first two sections cover the most well-established topics: crowd conflict and behaviour in mass emergencies. The second two sections cover topics where social psychology has only recently come together with other disciplines: pedestrian dynamics and mass gatherings. In each case, the social identity approach provides many of the concepts, research questions and hypotheses that have driven novel developments.},
keywords = {crowd, pedestrian, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@electronic{koester-2019b-cdynb,
title = {Walking on stairs: field experiment},
author = {Gerta Köster and Daniel Lehmberg},
editor = {Forschungszentrum Jülich. Institute for Advanced Simulation 7: Civil Safety Research},
url = {https://ped.fz-juelich.de/da/doku.php?id=walking_stairs},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-06-11},
urldate = {2019-11-06},
abstract = {The basis of the data are two videos of pedestrians walking on stairs from field experiments at the University of Applied Sciences Munich (Hochschule München).},
keywords = {empirical, pedestrian, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {electronic}
}
@article{fujita-2019-cdyn,
title = {Traffic flow in a crowd of pedestrians walking at different speeds},
author = {Akihiro Fujita and Claudio Feliciani and Daichi Yanagisawa and Katsuhiro Nishinari},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.99.062307},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Phys. Rev. E},
volume = {99},
issue = {6},
pages = {062307},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
abstract = {This study investigates motion in a crowd of pedestrians walking at different speeds. Three pedestrian groups are considered (slow walkers, normal walkers, and fast walkers), and we design the experimental condition by mixing the normal walkers with either the slow or the fast walkers to create flows with different speed compositions. All the walkers in this experiment were instructed to walk along a circular course unidirectionally. Fundamental diagrams and multiple regression analysis show that the speed at which a particular pedestrian walks is determined by both the local density and the speed at which the surrounding pedestrians are walking. We also find that the spontaneous lane formation, that occurs in bidirectional flow, does not occur in flow in which the speed is heterogeneous, thereby resulting in a spatial density distribution with large variance. This corresponds to pedestrian clustering, which reduces both the mean speed and the flow rate.},
keywords = {density, empirical, fundamental diagram, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{gomes-2019-cdyn,
title = {Parameter Estimation for Macroscopic Pedestrian Dynamics Models from Microscopic Data},
author = {Susana N. Gomes and Andrew M. Stuart and Marie-Therese Wolfram},
doi = {10.1137/18M1215980},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics},
volume = {79},
number = {4},
pages = {1475--1500},
abstract = {In this paper we develop a framework for parameter estimation in macroscopic 
pedestrian models using individual trajectories---microscopic data. We consider a unidirectional flow 
of pedestrians in a corridor and assume that the velocity decreases with the average density according 
to the fundamental diagram. Our model is formed from a coupling between a density dependent 
stochastic differential equation and a nonlinear partial differential equation for the density, and 
is hence of McKean--Vlasov type. We discuss identifiability of the parameters appearing in the 
fundamental diagram from trajectories of individuals, and we introduce optimization and Bayesian 
methods to perform the identification. We analyze the performance of the developed methodologies in 
various situations, such as for different in- and outflow conditions, for varying numbers of individual 
trajectories, and for differing channel geometries.},
keywords = {approximate bayesian computation, calibration, inversion, macroscopic, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{gorrrini-2019-cdyn,
title = {Stress estimation in pedestrian crowds: Experimental data and simulations results},
author = {Andrea Gorrini and Luca Crociani and Giuseppe Vizzari and Stefania Bandini},
doi = {10.3233/WEB-190403},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Web Intelligence},
volume = {17},
issue = {1},
pages = {85--99},
abstract = {Agent-based simulations of pedestrian crowd dynamics can support the design of transportation facilities in terms of efficiency, comfort and safety. The development of realistic models requires the acquisition of empirical evidences about human behavior. The paper reports the results of an experiment of pedestrian personal space: the area surrounding human body, linked to crowding due to spatial intrusion/restriction. We propose a discrete representation of personal space through discrete potentials and an innovative crowding estimation method (i.e. Cumulative Mean Crowding), introducing also the notion of shared personal space among group members. Simulation results are focused on the parametric estimation of pedestrians' psychological stress reaction to density.},
keywords = {ants, crowd, empirical, modeling, pedestrian, personal space, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{haghani-2019-cdyn,
title = {Dynamics of social groups' decision-making in evacuations},
author = {Milad Haghani and Majid Sarvi and Zahra Shahhoseini and Maik Boltes},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2019.04.029},
issn = {0968-090X},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {104},
pages = {135--157},
abstract = {The possible presence of social groups amongst occupants in indoor 
evacuation scenarios and the potential discrepancies between their behaviour and that 
of single individuals have been acknowledged in the evacuation dynamics literature. 
Yet, empirical studies on the behavioural characteristics of social-group evacuees, 
particularly those related to their decision-making mechanism, are relatively underrepresented. 
This study reports on a lab-in-the-field experiment of evacuations that investigates the effect 
of group size and stress level on multiple aspects of groups' behaviour. 
These aspects include pre-movement time, decision time (i.e. time taken to reach a directional 
exit decision), exit-choice behaviour, exit-choice changing and intra-group decision dynamics. 
Our main findings showed that: 
(I)Group size had a significant effect on pre-movement times 
and decision times (and to lesser extent, on evacuation times). 
People took longer to initiate their movement or to make a directional exit decision 
when in groups compared to when acting alone. The influence of group size on pre-movement 
and decision times, however, was not monotonic. For smaller group sizes (sizes 2 and 3), 
pre-movement and decision times increased with the group size. But for the larger 
group size (size 4), the effect was reversed.(II)The exit-choice mechanism of groups, 
overall, showed a great degree of similarity to that of single individuals. 
This suggests that, from a modelling perspective, the directional exit choices of groups 
could be approximated with the models obtained from datasets of individually-made choices. 
(III)Groups were more likely to revisit and change their initial exit decisions under 
the higher level of stress. In addition, social influence was a major factor in triggering 
changes in the exit choices of groups. Nearly 50 percent of the changes in group decisions 
occurred shortly after another neighbour group changed its exit decision. 
In other words, instances of group decision-changing was often followed by another group 
taking a similar action.(IV)As to the within-group dynamics of decision-making, 
our analyses suggested that, regardless of the group size, leadership was the dominant 
group decision-making mechanism (compared to the consensus or the conform-to-majority mechanisms). 
In nearly 50 percent of the cases, group decisions were made by one individual 
taking the lead and hinting the direction of the movement to other members of the group.},
keywords = {ants, behavior, crowd, empirical, group, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{haghani-2019b-cdyn,
title = {Panic, Irrationality, and Herding: Three Ambiguous Terms in Crowd Dynamics Research},
author = {Milad Haghani and Emiliano Cristiani and Nikolai W. F. Bode and Maik Boltes and Alessandro Corbetta},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9267643},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Advanced Transportation},
volume = {2019},
keywords = {evacuation, panic, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{haslam-2019-cdyn,
title = {Rethinking the nature of cruelty: The role of identity leadership in the Stanford Prison Experiment},
author = {S. Alexander Haslam and Stephen D. Reicher and Jay J. Van Bavel},
url = {https://psyarxiv.com/b7crx/},
doi = {10.1037/amp0000443},
issn = {1935-990X},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {The American Psychologist},
volume = {74},
issue = {7},
pages = {809--822},
abstract = {The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) is one of the most famous studies in the 
history of psychology. For nearly a half century it has been understood to show that 
assigning people to a toxic role will, on its own, unlock the human capacity to 
treat others with cruelty. In contrast, principles of identity leadership argue that 
roles are unlikely to elicit cruelty unless leaders encourage potential perpetrators 
to identify with what is presented as a noble ingroup cause and to believe their 
actions are necessary for the advancement of that cause. Although identity 
leadership has been implicated in behavior ranging from electoral success to 
obedience to authority, researchers have hitherto had limited capacity to establish 
whether role conformity or identity leadership provides a better account of the 
cruelty observed in the SPE. Through examination of material in the SPE archive, we 
present comprehensive evidence that, rather than guards conforming to role of their 
own accord, experimenters directly encouraged them to adopt roles and act tough in a 
manner consistent with tenets of identity leadership. Implications for the analysis 
of conformity and cruelty as well as for interpretation of the SPE are discussed.},
keywords = {experiment, review},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{huang-2019-cdyn,
title = {A microscopic method for the evaluating of continuous pedestrian dynamic models},
author = {Zhongyi Huang and Mohcine Chraibi and Shuchao Cao and Chuanli Huang and Zhiming Fang and Weiguo Song},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2019.122461},
issn = {0378-4371},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {536},
pages = {122461},
abstract = {In this paper, we propose a microscopic method to evaluate continuous pedestrian dynamic models at the trajectory level. By comparing the experimental and the simulated trajectory in four directions, the evaluation of the model can be described by a radar chart, with which both qualitative and quantitative conclusions can be obtained. In order to demonstrate our method, we evaluate a social force model by 1,936 trajectories with graded densities in three different scenarios. Three qualitative conclusions are obtained by observing radar charts of the simulation of the unidirectional experiments. All of them are verified by the comparison of the macroscopic parameters. Besides, we find that a model with smaller error in our method always has a better performance at the macroscopic level. At last, the possible quantitative descriptions of the method are discussed. Compared to the evaluations by comparing collective features like fundamental diagram, our method is general, comprehensive and quantitative. The method provides a new possibility to evaluate any continuous pedestrian dynamic model in any scenario with a standard process.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian, simulation, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{kieu-2019-cdyn,
title = {Dealing with uncertainty in agent-based models for short-term predictions},
author = {Le-Minh Kieu and Nicolas Malleson and Alison Heppenstall},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
abstract = {Agent-based models (ABM) are gaining traction as one of the most powerful modelling tools within 
the social sciences. They are particularly suited to simulating complex systems. Despite many 
methodological advances within ABM, one of the major drawbacks is their inability to incorporate 
real-time data to make accurate short-term predictions. This paper presents an approach that allows 
ABMs to be dynamically optimised. Through a combination of parameter calibration and data 
assimilation (DA), the accuracy of model-based predictions using ABM in real time is increased. We 
use the exemplar of a bus route system to explore these methods. The bus route ABMs developed in 
this research are examples of ABMs that can be dynamically optimised by a combination of parameter 
calibration and DA. The proposed model and framework can also be used in an passenger information 
system, or in an Intelligent Transport Systems to provide forecasts of bus locations and arrival times.},
keywords = {calibration, traffic, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{kleinmeier-2019-cdynb,
title = {Vadere: An Open-Source Simulation Framework to Promote Interdisciplinary Understanding},
author = {Benedikt Kleinmeier and Benedikt Zönnchen and Marion Gödel and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2019.21},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
volume = {4},
abstract = {Pedestrian dynamics is an interdisciplinary field of research. Psychologists, sociologists, traffic engineers, physicists, mathematicians and computer scientists all strive to understand the dynamics of a moving crowd. 
In principle, computer simulations offer means to further this understanding. Yet, unlike for many classic dynamical systems in physics, there is no universally accepted locomotion model for crowd dynamics. On the contrary, a multitude 
of approaches, with very different characteristics, compete. Often only the experts in one special model type are able to assess the consequences these characteristics have on a simulation study. Therefore, scientists from all disciplines who 
wish to use simulations to analyze pedestrian dynamics need a tool to compare competing approaches. Developers, too, would profit from an easy way to get insight into an alternative modeling ansatz. Vadere meets this interdisciplinary demand 
by offering an open-source simulation framework that is lightweight in its approach and in its user interface while offering pre-implemented versions of the most widely spread models.},
keywords = {framework, microscopic, open source, pedestrian, software, Vadere},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{letexier-2019-cdyn,
title = {Debunking the Stanford Prison Experiment},
author = {Thibault Le Texier},
url = {https://psyarxiv.com/b7crx/},
doi = {10.1037/amp0000401},
issn = {1935-990X},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {The American Psychologist},
volume = {74},
issue = {7},
pages = {823--839},
abstract = {The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) is one of psychology's most famous studies. It has been criticized on many grounds, and yet a majority of textbook authors have ignored these criticisms in their discussions of the SPE, thereby misleading both students and the general public about the study's questionable scientific validity. Data collected from a thorough investigation of the SPE archives and interviews with 15 of the participants in the experiment further question the study's scientific merit. These data are not only supportive of previous criticisms of the SPE, such as the presence of demand characteristics, but provide new criticisms of the SPE based on heretofore unknown information. These new criticisms include the biased and incomplete collection of data, the extent to which the SPE drew on a prison experiment devised and conducted by students in one of Zimbardo's classes 3 months earlier, the fact that the guards received precise instructions regarding the treatment of the prisoners, the fact that the guards were not told they were subjects, and the fact that participants were almost never completely immersed by the situation. Possible explanations of the inaccurate textbook portrayal and general misperception of the SPE's scientific validity over the past 5 decades, in spite of its flaws and shortcomings, are discussed.},
keywords = {ants, experiment, review},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{martin-2019-cdyn,
title = {Data-driven simulation of pedestrian collision avoidance with a nonparametric neural network},
author = {Rafael F. Martin and Daniel R. Parisi},
doi = {10.1016/j.neucom.2019.10.062},
issn = {0925-2312},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Neurocomputing},
abstract = {Data-driven simulation of pedestrian dynamics is an incipient and promising approach for building reliable microscopic pedestrian models. We propose a methodology based on generalized regression neural networks, which does not have to deal with a huge number of free parameters as in the case of multilayer neural networks. Although the method is general, we focus on the one pedestrian - one obstacle problem. Experimental data were collected in a motion capture laboratory providing high-precision trajectories. The proposed model allows us to simulate the trajectory of a pedestrian avoiding an obstacle from any direction. Together with the methodology specifications, we provide the data set needed for performing the simulations of this kind of pedestrian dynamic system.},
keywords = {artificial intelligence, data-driven modeling, navigation, neural network, pedestrian, simulation, steering},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@manual{mcgrattan-2019-cdyn,
title = {Fire Dynamics Simulator User's Guide},
author = {Kevin McGrattan and Simo Hostikka and Randall McDermott and Jason Floyd and Marcos Vanella},
doi = {10.6028/NIST.SP.1019},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
edition = {Sixth Edition},
organization = {National Institute of Standards and Technology and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {manual}
}
@conference{zhang-2019-cdyn,
title = {Validation of Collision-Free Speed Model in Bottlenecks},
author = {S. Zhang and M. Chraibi and J. Zhang and H. Li and W. Song},
doi = {10.1109/ICFSFPE48751.2019.9055791},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {2019 9th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering, ICFSFPE 2019},
abstract = {The pedestrians' safety has attracted increasing attention, especially in large-scale gatherings. A large number of models have been proposed to simulate the movement characteristics of pedestrians. The collision-free speed model can qualitatively reproduce many self-organized phenomena well when there is no pushing and squeezing in the crowd. In addition, as a first-order model its computational efficiency is relatively high compared to force-based models. In this work, we validate the model quantitatively against empirical data from bottleneck experiments. The parameters controlling the desired speed and pedestrians' initial position distribution are adjusted to reproduce the empirical data. The Voronoi-method is used to calculate the density, speed and flow. It is shown that the model can reproduce the relation between the flow and the density when the initial density is less than 3.33 m-2. However, other characteristics in the simulation such as trajectories in the bottleneck and relation between flow and bottleneck width diverge to some extent from the experimental findings.},
keywords = {differential equations, empirical, fire, fundamental diagram, modeling, pedestrian, trajectories, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{nicolas-2019-cdyn,
title = {Mechanical response of dense pedestrian crowds to the crossing of intruders},
author = {Alexandre Nicolas and Marcelo Kuperman and Santiago Ibatildenez and Sebastián Bouzat and Cécile Appert-Rolland},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-36711-7},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Nature Scientific Reports},
volume = {9},
pages = {105},
abstract = {The increasing number of mass events involving large crowds calls for a better understanding of the dynamics of dense crowds. Inquiring into the possibility of a mechanical description of these dynamics, we experimentally study the crossing of dense static crowds by a cylindrical intruder, a mechanical test which is classical for granular matter. The analysis of our experiments reveals robust features in the crowd' response, comprising both similarities and discrepancies with the response of granular media. Common features include the presence of a depleted region behind the intruder and the short-range character of the perturbation. On the other hand, unlike grains, pedestrians anticipate the intruder's passage by moving much before contact and their displacements are mostly lateral, hence not aligned with the forces exerted by the intruder. Similar conclusions are reached when the intruder is not a cylinder, but a single crossing pedestrian. Thus, our work shows that pedestrian interactions even at high densities (3 to 6 ped/m2) do not reduce to mechanical ones. More generally, the avoidance strategies evidenced by our findings question the incautious use of force models for dense crowds.},
keywords = {crowd, empirical, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{schoettl-2019-cdynb,
title = {Investigating the Randomness of Passengers' Seating Behavior in Suburban Trains},
author = {Jakob Schöttl and Michael J. Seitz and G. Köster},
doi = {10.3390/e21060600},
issn = {1099-4300},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Entropy},
volume = {21},
number = {6},
abstract = {In pedestrian dynamics, individual-based models serve to simulate the behavior of crowds so that evacuation times and crowd densities can be estimated or the efficiency of public transportation optimized. Often, train systems are investigated where seat choice may have a great impact on capacity utilization, especially when passengers get in each other's way. Therefore, it is useful to reproduce passengers' behavior inside trains. However, there is surprisingly little research on the subject. Do passengers distribute evenly as it is most often assumed in simulation models and as one would expect from a system that obeys the laws of thermodynamics? Conversely, is there a higher degree of order? To answer these questions, we collect data on seating behavior in Munich's suburban trains and analyze it. Clear preferences are revealed that contradict the former assumption of a uniform distribution. We subsequently introduce a model that matches the probability distributions we observed. We demonstrate the applicability of our model and present a qualitative validation with a simulation example. The model's implementation is part of the free and open-source Vadere simulation framework for pedestrian dynamics and thus available for further studies. The model can be used as one component in larger systems for the simulation of public transport.},
keywords = {empirical, floor field, modeling, pedestrian, software, Vadere},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{sparnaaij-2019-cdyn,
title = {Multiobjective Calibration Framework for Pedestrian Simulation Models: A study on the Effect of Movement Base Cases, Metrics, and Density Levels},
author = {Martijn Sparnaaij and Dorine C. Duives and Victor L. Knoop and Serge P. Hoogendoorn},
doi = {10.1155/2019/5874085},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Advanced Transportation},
abstract = {Ideally, a multitude of steps has to be taken before a commercial implementation of a pedestrian model is used in practice. 
Calibration, the main goal of which is to increase the accuracy of the predictions by determining the set of values for the model 
parameters that allows for the best replication of reality, has an important role in this process. Yet, up to recently, calibration has 
received relatively little attention within the field of pedestrian modelling. Most studies focus only on one specific movement base 
case and/or use a singlemetric. It is questionable how generally applicable a pedestrian simulationmodel is that has been calibrated 
using a limited set of movement base cases and one metric. The objective of this research is twofold, namely, to (1) determine the 
effect of the choice of movement base cases, metrics, and density levels on the calibration results and (2) to develop a multipleobjective 
calibration approach to determine the aforementioned effects. In this paper a multiple-objective calibration scheme is 
presented for pedestrian simulation models, in which multiple normalized metrics (i.e., flow, spatial distribution, effort, and travel 
time) are combined by means of weighted sum method that accounts for the stochastic nature of themodel. Based on the analysis of 
the calibration results, it can be concluded that (1) it is necessary to use multiple movement base cases when calibrating a model to 
capture all relevant behaviours, (2) the level of density influences the calibration results, and (3) the choice ofmetric or combinations 
of metrics influence the results severely.},
keywords = {calibration, pedestrian, sensitivity analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{taillandier-2019-cdyn,
title = {Building, composing and experimenting complex spatial models with the GAMA platform},
author = {Patrick Taillandier and Benoit Gaudou and Arnaud Grignard and Quang-Nghi Huynh and Nicolas Marilleau and Philippe Caillou and Damien Philippon and Alexis Drogoul},
doi = {10.1007/s10707-018-00339-6},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {GeoInformatica},
volume = {23},
pages = {29--322},
abstract = {The agent-based modeling approach is now used in many domains such as geography, ecology, or 
economy, and more generally to study (spatially explicit) socio-environmental systems where the 
heterogeneity of the actors and the numerous feedback loops between them requires amodular and 
incremental approach to modeling. One major reason of this success, besides this conceptual 
facility, can be found in the support provided by the development of increasingly powerful 
software platforms, which now allow modelers without a strong background in computer science 
to easily and quickly develop their own models. Another trend observed in the latest years is the 
development of much more descriptive and detailed models able not only to better represent 
complex systems, but also answer more intricate questions. In that respect, if all agent-based 
modeling platforms support the design of small to mid-size models, i.e. models with little 
heterogeneity between agents, simple representation of the environment, simple agent decisionmaking 
processes, etc., very few are adapted to the design of large-scale models. GAMA is one of 
the latter. It has been designed with the aim of supporting the writing (and composing) of fairly 
complex models, with a strong support of the spatial dimension, while guaranteeing non-computer 
scientists an easy access to high-level, otherwise complex, operations. This paper presents GAMA 
1.8, the latest revision to date of the platform, with a focus on its modeling language and its 
capabilities to manage the spatial dimension of models. The capabilities of GAMA are illustrated 
by the presentation of applications that take advantage of its new features.},
keywords = {agents, modeling, software},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{templeton-2019-cdyn,
title = {Placing Large Group Relations into Pedestrian Dynamics: Psychological Crowds in Counterflow},
author = {Anne Templeton and John Drury and Andy Phillipides},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2019.23},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
volume = {4},
pages = {1--22},
abstract = {Understanding influences on pedestrian movement is important to accurately 
simulate crowd behaviour, yet little research has explored the psychological factors that 
influence interactions between large groups in counterflow scenarios. Research from 
social psychology has demonstrated that social identities can influence the micro-level 
pedestrian movement of a psychological crowd, but this has not been extended to explore 
behaviour when two large psychological groups are co-present. This study investigates 
how the presence of large groups with different social identities can affect pedestrian behaviour when walking in counterflow. Participants (N = 54) were divided into two 
groups and primed to have identities as either team A or team B. The trajectories of 
all participants were tracked to compare the movement of team A when walking alone to 
when walking in counterflow with team B, based on their i) speed of movement and distance 
walked, and ii) proximity between participants. In comparison to walking alone, the 
presence of another group influenced team A to collectively self-organise to reduce their 
speed and distance walked in order to walk closely together with ingroup members. We 
discuss the importance of incorporating social identities into pedestrian group dynamics 
for empirically validated simulations of counterflow scenarios.},
keywords = {ants, empirical, experiment, pedestrian, psychology, social identity},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{tordeux-2019-cdyn,
title = {Prediction of pedestrian dynamics in complex architectures with artificial neural networks},
author = {Antoine Tordeux and Mohcine Chraibi and Armin Seyfried and Andreas Schadschneider},
doi = {10.1080/15472450.2019.1621756},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems},
abstract = {Pedestrian behavior tends to depend on the type of facility. The flow at bottlenecks, for 
instance, can exceed the maximal rates observed in straight corridors. Consequently, accurate 
predictions of pedestrians movements in complex buildings including corridors, corners, 
bottlenecks, or intersections are difficult tasks for minimal models with a single setting of 
the parameters. Artificial neural networks are robust algorithms able to identify various 
types of patterns. In this paper, we will investigate their suitability for forecasting of pedestrian 
dynamics in complex architectures. Therefore, we develop, train, and test several artificial 
neural networks for predictions of pedestrian speeds in corridor and bottleneck 
experiments. The estimations are compared with those of a classical speed-based model. 
The results show that the neural networks can distinguish the two facilities and significantly 
improve the prediction of pedestrian speeds.},
keywords = {experiment, fundamental diagram, machine learning, modeling, neural network, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{vollmer-2019-cdyn,
title = {Fridays for Future Demonstration in Kaiserslautern},
author = {Jens Vollmer},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
howpublished = {Online: urlhttps://www.wochenblatt-reporter.de/kaiserslautern/c-lokales/fridays-for-future-demonstration-in-kaiserslautern_a125044},
note = {Accessed November 18, 2020},
keywords = {crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{yamamoto-2019-cdyn,
title = {Body-rotation behavior of pedestrians for collision avoidance in passing and cross flow},
author = {Hiroki Yamamoto and Daichi Yanagisawa and Claudio Feliciani and Katsuhiro Nishinari},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2019.03.008},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part B: Methodological},
volume = {122},
pages = {486--510},
abstract = {This study investigated the body-rotation behavior adopted by pedestrians to avoid others while moving in congested areas. In such scenarios, body orientation often differs from walking direction, e.g., a pedestrian may step sideways. The deviation between body orientation and walking direction during collision avoidance was studied by quantitatively evaluating the body rotation for counter-flows in narrow corridors. Simple experiments, in which two pedestrians passed each other, were conducted. It was found that pedestrians rotated their bodies when the corridor width was smaller than the sum of the widths of the two pedestrians. This behavior was explained by analyzing the geometry of two ellipses circumscribing each other in a narrow corridor. A preliminary model was developed, and the deviation between the body orientation and walking direction during passing was successfully simulated. Finally, a cross-flow experiment, which is much more complex and realistic than the passing experiments, was performed; it was confirmed that body rotation behavior is also a critical factor in complex and realistic scenarios.},
keywords = {pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{zoennchen-2019c,
title = {Towards faster navigation algorithms on floor fields},
author = {Benedikt Zönnchen and Matthias Laubinger and Gerta Köster},
editor = {Samer H Hamdar},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-11440-4_34},
isbn = {978-3-030-11440-4},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
booktitle = {In Traffic and Granular Flow '17},
pages = {307--315},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Cham},
abstract = {Many microscopic models for crowd dynamics use floor fields to navigate agents through geometries. Recently, dynamic floor fields were introduced which adapt to changes in geometry and the density of crowds. They significantly increase the realism of floor field-based simulations. However, the computation of floor fields is time consuming. In case of multiple or dynamic floor fields, which require frequent recomputations, the total simulation run time is dominated by their computation. We present an algorithm to construct floor fields for continuous space models that uses unstructured meshes. Due to the geometrical flexibility of unstructured meshes, our method reduces the computational complexity by using fewer but well-positioned mesh points.},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{kleinmeier-2019,
title = {Vadere: An Open-Source Simulation Framework to Promote Interdisciplinary Understanding},
author = {Benedikt Kleinmeier and Benedikt Zönnchen and Marion Gödel and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2019.21},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
volume = {4},
abstract = {Pedestrian dynamics is an interdisciplinary field of research. Psychologists, sociologists, traffic engineers, physicists, mathematicians and computer scientists all strive to understand the dynamics of a moving crowd. 
In principle, computer simulations offer means to further this understanding. Yet, unlike for many classic dynamical systems in physics, there is no universally accepted locomotion model for crowd dynamics. On the contrary, a multitude 
of approaches, with very different characteristics, compete. Often only the experts in one special model type are able to assess the consequences these characteristics have on a simulation study. Therefore, scientists from all disciplines who 
wish to use simulations to analyze pedestrian dynamics need a tool to compare competing approaches. Developers, too, would profit from an easy way to get insight into an alternative modeling ansatz. Vadere meets this interdisciplinary demand 
by offering an open-source simulation framework that is lightweight in its approach and in its user interface while offering pre-implemented versions of the most widely spread models.},
keywords = {framework, microscopic, open source, peddyngroup, pedestrian, software, vaderepub},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kleinmeier-2019-cdyn,
title = {Vadere: An Open-Source Simulation Framework to Promote Interdisciplinary Understanding},
author = {Benedikt Kleinmeier and Benedikt Zönnchen and Marion Gödel and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2019.21},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
volume = {4},
abstract = {Pedestrian dynamics is an interdisciplinary field of research. Psychologists, sociologists, traffic engineers, physicists, mathematicians and computer scientists all strive to understand the dynamics of a moving crowd. 
In principle, computer simulations offer means to further this understanding. Yet, unlike for many classic dynamical systems in physics, there is no universally accepted locomotion model for crowd dynamics. On the contrary, a multitude 
of approaches, with very different characteristics, compete. Often only the experts in one special model type are able to assess the consequences these characteristics have on a simulation study. Therefore, scientists from all disciplines who 
wish to use simulations to analyze pedestrian dynamics need a tool to compare competing approaches. Developers, too, would profit from an easy way to get insight into an alternative modeling ansatz. Vadere meets this interdisciplinary demand 
by offering an open-source simulation framework that is lightweight in its approach and in its user interface while offering pre-implemented versions of the most widely spread models.},
keywords = {framework, microscopic, open source, peddyngroup, pedestrian, software},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{koester-2019b-cdyn,
title = {Walking on stairs: field experiment},
author = {Gerta Köster and Daniel Lehmberg},
editor = {Forschungszentrum Jülich. Institute for Advanced Simulation 7: Civil Safety Research},
url = {https://ped.fz-juelich.de/da/doku.php?id=walking_stairs},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
urldate = {2019-11-06},
abstract = {The basis of the data are two videos of pedestrians walking on stairs from field experiments at the University of Applied Sciences Munich (Hochschule München).},
keywords = {empirical, peddyngroup, pedestrian, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{schoettl-2019-cdyn,
title = {Investigating the Randomness of Passengers' Seating Behavior in Suburban Trains},
author = {Jakob Schöttl and Michael J Seitz and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.3390/e21060600},
issn = {1099-4300},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Entropy},
volume = {21},
number = {6},
abstract = {In pedestrian dynamics, individual-based models serve to simulate the behavior of crowds so that evacuation times and crowd densities can be estimated or the efficiency of public transportation optimized. Often, train systems are investigated where seat choice may have a great impact on capacity utilization, especially when passengers get in each other's way. Therefore, it is useful to reproduce passengers' behavior inside trains. However, there is surprisingly little research on the subject. Do passengers distribute evenly as it is most often assumed in simulation models and as one would expect from a system that obeys the laws of thermodynamics? Conversely, is there a higher degree of order? To answer these questions, we collect data on seating behavior in Munich's suburban trains and analyze it. Clear preferences are revealed that contradict the former assumption of a uniform distribution. We subsequently introduce a model that matches the probability distributions we observed. We demonstrate the applicability of our model and present a qualitative validation with a simulation example. The model's implementation is part of the free and open-source Vadere simulation framework for pedestrian dynamics and thus available for further studies. The model can be used as one component in larger systems for the simulation of public transport.},
keywords = {empirical, floor field, modeling, peddyngroup, pedestrian, software},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{lehmberg-2019-cdyn,
title = {Exploring Koopman Operator Based Surrogate Models to Accelerate Analysis of Critical Pedestrian Densities},
author = {Daniel Lehmberg and Felix Dietrich and Ioannis G Kevrekidis and Hans-Joachim Bungartz and Gerta Köster},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '19},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@inproceedings{schoettl-2019b-cdyn,
title = {Investigating Passengers' Seating Behavior in Suburban Trains},
author = {Jakob Schöttl and Michael J Seitz and Gerta Köster},
editor = {Samer H Hamdar},
isbn = {978-3-030-11440-4},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '17},
pages = {405--413},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Cham},
abstract = {In pedestrian dynamics, individual-based models serve to simulate the behavior of crowds so that evacuation times and crowd densities can be estimated or the efficiency of public transportation optimized. Often train systems are investigated where seat choice may have a great impact on capacity utilization. Thus it is necessary to reproduce passengers' behavior inside trains. Yet there is surprisingly little research on the subject. In this contribution, we collect data on seating behavior in Munich's suburban trains, analyze it, and subsequently introduce a model that matches what we observe. For example, within a compartment, passengers tend to choose the seat group with the smallest number of other passengers. Within a seat group, passengers prefer window seats and forward-facing seats. When there is already another person, passengers tend to choose the seat diagonally across from that person. These and other aspects are incorporated in our model. We demonstrate the applicability of our model and present a qualitative validation with a simulation example. The model's implementation is part of the free and open-source VADERE simulation framework for pedestrian dynamics and thus available for cross-validation. The model can be used as one component in larger systems for the simulation of public transport.},
keywords = {peddyngroup, seating},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{zoennchen-2019c-cdyn,
title = {Towards faster navigation algorithms on floor fields},
author = {Benedikt Zönnchen and Matthias Laubinger and Gerta Köster},
editor = {Samer H Hamdar},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-11440-4_34},
isbn = {978-3-030-11440-4},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
booktitle = {In Traffic and Granular Flow '17},
pages = {307--315},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Cham},
abstract = {Many microscopic models for crowd dynamics use floor fields to navigate agents through geometries. Recently, dynamic floor fields were introduced which adapt to changes in geometry and the density of crowds. They significantly increase the realism of floor field-based simulations. However, the computation of floor fields is time consuming. In case of multiple or dynamic floor fields, which require frequent recomputations, the total simulation run time is dominated by their computation. We present an algorithm to construct floor fields for continuous space models that uses unstructured meshes. Due to the geometrical flexibility of unstructured meshes, our method reduces the computational complexity by using fewer but well-positioned mesh points.},
keywords = {floor field, peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@conference{zoennchen-2019d-cdyn,
title = {GPGPU Computing for Microscopic Pedestrian Simulation},
author = {Benedikt Zönnchen and Gerta Köster},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
booktitle = {Parallel Computing Conference},
address = {Prague, Czech Republic},
keywords = {peddyngroup, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{adrian-2019-cdyn,
title = {A Glossary for Research on Human Crowd Dynamics},
author = {Juliane Adrian and Nikolai Bode and Martyn Amos and Mitra Baratchi and Mira Beermann and Maik Boltes and Alessandro Corbetta and Guillaume Dezecache and John Drury and Zhijian Fu and Roland Geraerts and Steve Gwynne and Gesine Hofinger and Aoife Hunt and Tinus Kanters and Angelika Kneidl and Krisztina Konya and Gerta Köster and Mira Küpper and Georgios Michalareas and Fergus Neville and Evangelos Ntontis and Stephen Reicher and Enrico Ronchi and Andreas Schadschneider and Armin Seyfried and Alastair Shipman and Anna Sieben and Michael Spearpoint and Gavin Brent Sullivan and Anne Templeton and Federico Toschi and Zeynep Yücel and Francesco Zanlungo and Iker Zuriguel and Natalie van der Wal and Frank van Schadewijk and Cornelia von Krüchten and Nanda Wijermans},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2019.19},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
abstract = {This article presents a glossary of terms that are frequently used in research on human crowds. This topic is inherently multidisciplinary as it includes work in and across computer science, engineering, mathematics, physics, psychology and social science, for example. We do not view the glossary presented here as a collection of finalised and formal definitions. Instead, we suggest it is a snapshot of current views and the starting point of an ongoing process that we hope will be useful in providing some guidance on the use of terminology to develop a mutual understanding across disciplines. The glossary was developed collaboratively during a multidisciplinary meeting. We deliberately allow several definitions of terms, to reflect the confluence of disciplines in the field. This also reflects the fact not all contributors necessarily agree with all definitions in this glossary.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{koester-2019-cdyn,
title = {Walking on stairs: Experiment and model},
author = {Gerta Köster and Daniel Lehmberg and Angelika Kneidl},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.100.022310},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Phys. Rev. E},
volume = {100},
pages = {022310},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
abstract = {An increasing global population forces urban planners to construct buildings and infrastructure that is extremely deep and high. Elevators and escalators serve skyscrapers and tunnels, but in an emergency people still have to walk on stairs. Computer simulations can mitigate risks of escape situations. For these situations,pedestrian locomotion models need to match reality well. Motion on stairs, however, is not nearly as well understood as motion in the plane. Publications are scarce and some arecontradictory. As a result, movement on stairs is usually modeled by slowing down pedestrians by a fixed factor. But is this justified? And what happens at intermediate landings? This contribution aims to clarify inconclusive results of previous research and provide new information to directly incorporate empirical results into a parsimoniouscomputer model. The algorithms are freely available through an open-source framework. After outlining the shortcomings of existing approaches, we present three experiments, from which we derive requirements for the computer model. Reenacting computer experiments shows the extent to which our model meets our observations. We conclude with an applied example, simulating an evacuation of Germany's famous Neuschwanstein Castle.},
keywords = {peddyngroup, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{goedel-2019b-cdyn,
title = {Towards Inferring Input Parameters from Measurements: Bayesian Inversion for a Bottleneck Scenario},
author = {Marion Gödel and Rainer Fischer and Gerta Köster},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '19},
keywords = {bayesian inversion, peddyngroup, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@conference{goedel-2019-cdyn,
title = {Applying Bayesian inversion with Markov Chain Monte Carlo to Pedestrian Đynamics},
author = {Marion Gödel and Rainer Fischer and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.7712/120219.6322.18561},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
booktitle = {UNCECOMP 2019, 3rd ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Uncertainty Quantification in Computational Sciences and Engineering},
keywords = {bayesian inversion, peddyngroup, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{bode-2019-cdyn,
title = {Statistical Model Fitting and Model Selection in Pedestrian Dynamics Research},
author = {Nikolai W. F. Bode and Enrico Ronchi},
doi = {DOI: 10.17815/CD.2019.20},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
abstract = {Pedestrian dynamics is concerned with understanding the movement patterns that arise in places where more than one person walks. Relating theoretical models to data is a crucial goal of research in this field. Statistical model fitting and model selection are a suitable approach to this problem and here we review the concepts and literature related to this methodology in the context of pedestrian dynamics. The central tenet of statistical modelling is to describe the relationship between different variables by using probability distributions. Rather than providing a critique of existing methodology or a "how to" guide for such an established research technique, our review aims to highlight broad concepts, different uses, best practices, challenges and opportunities with a focussed view on theoretical models for pedestrian behaviour. This contribution is aimed at researchers in pedestrian dynamics who want to carefully analyse data, relate a theoretical model to data, or compare the relative quality of several theoretical models. The survey of the literature we present provides many methodological starting points and we suggest that the particular challenges to statistical modelling in pedestrian dynamics make this an inherently interesting field of research.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian, system analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{fdsevacontributors-2019-cdyn,
title = {Fire Dynamics Simulator with Evacuation (FDS+Evac)},
author = {FDS+Evac Contributors},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
howpublished = {Online: urlhttp://virtual.vtt.fi/virtual/proj6/fdsevac/documents/FDS+Evac_webpages.pdf},
note = {Accessed 27. May 2019},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@misc{fdssmvcontributors-2019-cdyn,
title = {Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and Smokeview (SMV)},
author = {FDS-SMV Contributors},
year  = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
howpublished = {Online: urlhttps://pages.nist.gov/fds-smv/},
note = {Accessed 27. May 2019},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{zoennchen-2018-cdyn,
title = {A parallel generator for sparse unstructured meshes to solve the eikonal equation},
author = {Benedikt Zönnchen and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1016/j.jocs.2018.09.009},
issn = {1877-7503},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Computational Science},
volume = {32},
pages = {141--147},
abstract = {Mesh generation is the first step in a wide range of applications including navigation for robots or virtual agents in pedestrian simulations. To find the shortest travel time to a target, a common technique is to solve the eikonal equation on a mesh. We propose EikMesh, an extension of the DistMesh algorithm. EikMesh is a fast parallel mesh generator that reduces the number of mesh points, and thus the computation time, while maintaining precision of numerical solvers on the mesh. It automatically refines where desired, in our case, where the eikonal equation undergoes changes, e.g. near obstacles. The first crucial step is the generation of a sophisticated initial mesh which reduces the number of smoothing steps. In addition, EikMesh avoids expensive Delaunay-re-triangulations. Space filling curves manage storage space in a cache-friendly manner. EikMesh scales better than the parallelized traditional DistMesh and significantly outperforms it for a number of test cases.},
keywords = {eikonal equation, mesh refinement, meshing, peddyngroup, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{dietrich-2018-cdyn,
title = {Fast and flexible uncertainty quantification through a data-driven surrogate model},
author = {Felix Dietrich and Florian Künzner and Tobias Neckel and Gerta Köster and Hans-Joachim Bungartz},
doi = {10.1615/Int.J.UncertaintyQuantification.2018021975},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {International Journal for Uncertainty Quantification},
volume = {8},
pages = {175--192},
abstract = {To assess a computer model's descriptive and predictive power, the model's response to uncertainties in the input must be quantified. However, simulations of complex systems typically need a lot of computational resources, and thus prohibit exhaustive sweeps of high-dimensional spaces. Moreover, the time available to compute a result for decision systems is often very limited. In this paper, we construct a data-driven surrogate model from time delays of observations of a complex, microscopic model. We employ diffusion maps to reduce the dimensionality of the delay space. The surrogate model allows faster generation of the quantity of interest over time than the original, microscopic model. It is a non-intrusive method, and hence does not need access to the model formulation. In contrast to most other surrogate approaches, the construction allows quantities of interest that are not closed dynamically, because a closed state space is constructed through Takens delay embedding. Also, the surrogate can be stored to and loaded from storage with very little effort. The surrogate model is decoupled from the original model, and the fast execution speed allows to quickly evaluate many different parameter distributions. We demonstrate the capability of the approach in combination with forward UQ on a parametrized Burgers? equation, and the microscopic simulation of a train station. The surrogate model can accurately capture the dynamical features in both examples, with relative errors always smaller than ten percent. The simulation time in the real-world example can be reduced by an order of magnitude.},
keywords = {peddyngroup, pedestrian, surrogate, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{kuenzner-2018-cdyn,
title = {Efficient quantification of uncertainties when de-boarding a train},
author = {Florian Künzner and Gerta Köster and Felix Dietrich},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2018},
keywords = {data-driven modeling, peddyngroup, surrogate, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@inproceedings{adrian-2018-cdyn,
title = {Crowding and Queuing in Entrance Scenarios: Influence of Corridor Width in Front of Bottlenecks},
author = {Juliane Adrian and Maik Boltes and Stefan Holl and Anna Sieben and Armin Seyfried},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.07424},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (PED2018) Lund, Sweden, August 21--23},
abstract = {In this paper, we present results of an entrance experiment investigating the effect of the corridor width in front of a bottleneck on the density. The idea is based on a previous study suggesting that a guiding system in front of an entrance can reduce pushing of the waiting people and thus the density at the entrance. In our study we aim to find out to what extend the corridor width has an impact on crowding or queuing behavior and with that on the density. The results of the presented experiment suggest that the transition takes place between a corridor width of 1.2 m and 2.3 m. The total duration of each experimental run is not significantly influenced by the corridor width but by the width of the entrance itself, the number of participants and partly by the motivation. In general, the density in front of the gate as well as the area of high density is increased by widening the corridor and by intensifying the motivation of the participants. However, the results also suggest that also the number of participants significantly influences the occurrence of pushing and the level of density.},
keywords = {ants, bottleneck, density, experiment, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{alvarez-lopez-2018-cdyn,
title = {Microscopic Traffic Simulation using SUMO},
author = {Pablo Alvarez Lopez and Michael Behrisch and Laura Bieker-Walz and Jakob Erdmann and Yun-Pang Flötteröd and Robert Hilbrich and Leonhard Lücken and Johannes Rummel and Peter Wagner and Evamarie Wießner},
url = {https://elib.dlr.de/127994/},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {The 21st IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems},
journal = {2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)},
pages = {2575--2582},
publisher = {IEEE},
abstract = {Microscopic traffic simulation is an invaluable tool for traffic research. In recent years, both the scope of research and the capabilities of the tools have been extended considerably. This article presents the latest developments concerning intermodal traffic solutions, simulator coupling and model development and validation on the example of the open source traffic simulator SUMO.},
keywords = {modeling, optimization, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{bera-2018-cdyn,
title = {Modeling Trajectory-level Behaviors using Time Varying Pedestrian Movement Dynamics},
author = {Aniket Bera and Sujeong Kim and Dinesh Manocha},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2018.15},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
abstract = {We present a novel interactive multi-agent simulation algorithm to model pedestrian 
movement dynamics. We use statistical techniques to compute the movement patterns 
and motion dynamics from 2D trajectories extracted from crowd videos. Our formulation 
extracts the dynamic behavior features of real-world agents and uses them to learn 
movement characteristics on the fly. The learned behaviors are used to generate plausible 
trajectories of virtual agents as well as for long-term pedestrian trajectory prediction. 
Our approach can be integrated with any trajectory extraction method, including manual 
tracking, sensors, and online tracking methods. We highlight the benefits of our approach 
on many indoor and outdoor scenarios with noisy, sparsely sampled trajectory in terms of 
trajectory prediction and data-driven pedestrian simulation.},
keywords = {agents, behavior, crowd, machine learning, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{bode-2018-cdyn,
title = {Parameter Calibration in Crowd Simulation Models using Approximate Bayesian Computation},
author = {Nikolai W. F. Bode},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2018},
publisher = {Springer (in press)},
keywords = {approximate bayesian computation, calibration, inversion, model selection, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@phdthesis{bosina-2018-cdyn,
title = {A New Generic Approach to the Pedestrian Fundamental Diagram},
author = {Ernst Bosina},
doi = {10.3929/ethz-b-000296226},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
school = {Institut für Verkehrsplanung und Transportsysteme (IVT), ETH Zürich},
abstract = {The pedestrian fundamental diagram, which describes the relationship between speed, flow and density, is one of the key concepts for the design of pedestrian facilities. It allows to determine the capacity of facilities as well as to calculate estimated walking times, for example when changing trains. In the last decades, laboratory and field measurements have been conducted to obtain the fundamental diagram for different situations. Based on this it was revealed that the fundamental diagram differs significantly between different locations and pedestrian compositions. Various parameters which significantly influence the shape of the fundamental diagram curve have been determined. Thus, poor results might occur when using a general form of the fundamental diagram for design purpose. Still, only either fundamental diagrams measured in a single setting or ones aggregating these measurements are available. No comprehensive model was found which is able to describe the differences observed as well as being able to estimate fundamental diagrams for other pedestrian compositions. Currently, an estimation of a specific fundamental diagram without corresponding empirical data is not possible. 
 
The idea of this thesis is to address this research gap by creating a generic model, which describes the main walking principles and the interaction between pedestrians. Using this model allows to generate situation specific fundamental diagrams. In addition, the underlying principles which determine the shape of the fundamental diagram are determined and the effect of different influence factors on human walking can be studied. By applying situation specific input parameter values, it shall be possible to generate situation specific fundamental diagrams useful for the design of pedestrian facilities. 
 
The model creation was done in two steps. As a basis for the quantitative fundamental diagram model, a qualitative generic walking model was developed. A comprehensive overview of the basic principles of walking and the interaction of pedestrian was given in the generic walking model. This was done by combining individual findings available in literature. Starting from a simple case, where a pedestrian is walking alone at constant speed, the model is extended to include all relevant influences on a pedestrian. 
 
The generic pedestrian walking model was then used as a basis for the fundamental diagram model. Here, a microscopic model was established where also the distribution of input parameter values can be simulated. Again, first a simple model was set up and complexity was added step by step. In the end a model was created based on lane movement of pedestrians, where lane swapping is possible to enable overtaking. 
 
For the model setup, a thoroughly literature review was performed at the beginning of this work. A special focus was laid on the pedestrian walking speed. The different influences on the free flow walking speed were collected and their effect was estimated. In addition, a definition of the fundamental diagram useful for this work and a detailed discussion on the time aspect of the Level of Service concept, which is closely linked to the fundamental diagram, was made in connection to the literature review. 
 
For the calibration and validation of the model, empirical data already available from experiments and real-life measurements was used. This allowed to cover a wide range of different setting in the validation. In conclusion, the validation showed that the model is expected to provide adequately accurate and useful results for the expected scope of application. 
 
Using the model it was possible to accept the research question stating that it is possible to create a generic pedestrian fundamental diagram model. This can be used to estimate specific fundamental diagrams. However, it was found that although the model is based strongly on the basic principles of walking, the estimation of the input parameters can be challenging. Still, for experienced users it is expected that the model will provide better results than general fundamental diagrams currently used. 
 
The validated model is ready to be used to estimate situation specific fundamental diagrams. This was done for different scenarios, for example for the expected situation in 2050 or to determine the effect of the mixture of commuters and shoppers on the pedestrian flow. In the future scenario it was shown that the assumed trends result in reduced walking speeds, especially at higher densities. Here, the model allows for the first time to evaluate the effect of different changes and the simulation of fundamental diagrams for situations, where no empirical data is available.},
keywords = {fundamental diagram, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@article{chen-2018-cdyn,
title = {Geometric constraint based pedestrian movement model on stairways},
author = {Juan Chen and Jian Ma and S. M. Lo},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2018.03.051},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Physica A},
volume = {505},
pages = {1212--1230},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Stairways connect different levels of ground and serve as the only means of escape in case of fire in most buildings. Thus pedestrian movement dynamics on stairways has attracted researchers from different disciplines. As a result of the geometric constraints of the stairs, pedestrian movement features on stairways are different from level ambulation. However, most current modeling pedestrian models for stairway movement have not taken into account the constraints of stairs. In the present study, a computer simulation model named Pedestrian Footstep Model is formulated. In this model, the tread depth and riser height together determine a pedestrian's footstep length, which finally affects the actual movement speed that a pedestrian can achieve. In this way, the model cannot only simulate pedestrian movement on stairs but also on horizontal ground. Dynamics of pedestrian crowd movement process are explored considering different stair geometry features, floor height and flow situations.},
keywords = {differential equations, empirical, fire, modeling, pedestrian, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{chen-2018b-cdyn,
title = {An extended model for describing pedestrian evacuation under the threat of artificial attack},
author = {Changkun Chen and Yunhe Tong and Congling Shi and Wenlong Qin},
doi = {10.1016/j.physleta.2018.06.007},
issn = {0375-9601},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Physics Letters A},
volume = {382},
number = {35},
pages = {2445--2454},
abstract = {An extended floor field model was proposed to investigate evacuation behaviors of pedestrians under the threat of artificial attack. In this model, pedestrian movement governed by the static and dynamic floor field, and the motion and assault of artificial attacker were involved simultaneously. Further, injuries with lower velocity and deaths of pedestrians caused by the attacker during evacuation were considered. And a new parameter ktwas introduced. It is the sensitivity coefficient of attack threat floor field and could reflect quantitatively the extent of effect of attack threat on the decision-making of the individual. Moreover, effects of several key parameters such as the sensitivity coefficient, assault intensity and pedestrian density on evacuation dynamics were studied. Results show that pedestrian evacuation would display interesting phenomena transiting from rolling behavior to along-the-wall motion with aggravating extent of the impact of attackers on pedestrians, which refers ktin the model varying from 0.5 to 0.8. As assault intensity increases, more casualties would be caused and the available evacuation time would decrease, which means people have to flee the room in a shorter time period for survival. When the pedestrian density increases, more clogging at the exit would be generated and pedestrians would be more difficult to evacuate due to the limited capacity of egress and the reduction in the average speed of pedestrian flow caused by the injured. And the injured with limited motion capacity could hardly complete the evacuation owing to that they need more evacuation time and would retard the speed of the pedestrian flow.},
keywords = {behavior, density, floor field, modeling, pedestrian, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{chraibi-2018-cdyn,
title = {Modelling of pedestrian and evacuation dynamics},
author = {M. Chraibi and A. Tordeux and A. Schadschneider and A. Seyfried},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science},
pages = {1-22},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{corbetta-2018-cdyn,
title = {Physics-based modeling and data representation of pairwise interactions among pedestrian},
author = {Alessandro Corbetta and Jasper A. Meeusen and Chung-min Lee and Roberto Benzi and Federico Toschi},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.02466#},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.98.062310},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {98},
issue = {6},
pages = {062310},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
abstract = {The possibility to understand and to quantitatively model the physics of the interactions between pedestrians walking in crowds has compelling relevant applications, e.g. related to the design and safety of civil infrastructures. In this work we study pedestrian-pedestrian interactions from observational experimental data in diluted crowds. While in motion, pedestrians adapt their walking paths trying to preserve mutual comfort distances and to avoid collisions. In mathematical models this behavior is typically modeled via "social" interaction forces. 
Leveraging on a high-quality, high-statistics dataset - composed of few millions of real-life trajectories acquired from state-of-the-art observational experiments - we develop a quantitative model capable of addressing interactions in the case of binary collision avoidance. We model interactions in terms of both long- and short-range forces, which we superimpose to our Langevin model for non-interacting pedestrian motion [Corbetta et al. Phys.Rev.E 95, 032316, 2017]. The new model that we propose here features a Langevin dynamics with "fast" random velocity fluctuations that are superimposed to the "slow" dynamics of a hidden model variable: the "intended" walking path. The model is capable of reproducing relevant statistics of the collision avoidance motion, such as the statistics of the side displacement and of the passing speed. Rare occurrences of bumping events are also recovered. 
Furthermore, comparing with large datasets of real-life tracks involves an additional challenge so far neglected: identifying, within a database containing very heterogeneous conditions, only the relevant events corresponding to binary avoidance interactions. To tackle this challenge, we propose a novel approach based on a graph representation of pedestrian trajectories, which allows us to operate complexity reduction for efficient data selection.},
keywords = {empirical, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{dias-2018-cdyn,
title = {Calibrating cellular automaton models for pedestrians walking through corners},
author = {Charitha Dias and Ruggiero Lovreglio},
doi = {10.1016/j.physleta.2018.03.022},
issn = {0375-9601},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Physics Letters A},
volume = {382},
number = {19},
pages = {1255--1261},
keywords = {calibration, cellular automata, data-driven modeling, floor field},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{dimarco-2018-cdyn,
title = {Uncertainty quantification for kinetic models in socio-economic and life sciences},
author = {Giacomo Dimarco and Lorenzo Pareschi and Mattia Zanella},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
keywords = {pedestrian, social forces, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{feng-2018-cdyn,
title = {Immersive virtual reality serious games for evacuation training and research: A systematic literature review},
author = {Zhenan Feng and Vicente A. González and Robert Amor and Ruggiero Lovreglio and Guillermo Cabrera-Guerrero},
doi = {10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.002},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Computers & Education},
volume = {127},
pages = {252--266},
abstract = {An appropriate and safe behavior for exiting a facility is key to reducing injuries and increasing survival when facing an emergency evacuation in a building. Knowledge on the best evacuation practice is commonly delivered by traditional training approaches such as videos, posters, or evacuation drills, but they may become ineffective in terms of knowledge acquisition and retention. Serious games (SGs) are an innovative approach devoted to training and educating people in a gaming environment. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to immersive virtual reality (IVR)-based SGs for evacuation knowledge delivery and behavior assessment because they are highly engaging and promote greater cognitive learning. This paper aims to understand the development and implementation of IVR SGs in the context of building evacuation training and research, applied to various indoor emergencies such as fire and earthquake. Thus, a conceptual framework for effective design and implementation through the systematic literature review method was developed. As a result, this framework integrates critical aspects and provides connections between them, including pedagogical and behavioral impacts, gaming environment development, and outcome and participation experience measures.},
keywords = {evacuation, fire, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zeng-2018b-cdyn,
title = {Modeling evacuation dynamics on stairs by an extended optimal steps model},
author = {Y. Zeng and W. Song and F. Huo and G. Vizzari},
doi = {10.1016/j.simpat.2018.02.001},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory},
volume = {84},
pages = {177-189},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {With more and more high-rise building springing into the cities, the movement of pedestrians on stairs is of great importance for the evacuation of these facilities; the topic of human performance on stairs has attracted a lot of researcher to study. However, there is still a lack of analysis of specific situations, such as mid-landing and merging behaviors. In this paper we employ a modified version of the Optimal Steps Model, modified by taking block-based floor field into consideration under open boundary conditions, to reproduce movement at mid-landing and study performance of occupants in stairwell. Movements on this kind of stairs are simulated and studied with the help of extended model: achieved results are in accord with previous research in respect of specific flow and fundamental diagram. Lane formations on stairs come into being before mid-landing area through simulations. Furthermore most people reach at the mid-landing by the outside stairs at higher density due to more space and less force from other agents, which is induced that outside of the stairs is good for evacuation. At last the model is implemented to study the effect of stairs geometry on merging behaviors, and it is found when corridor is connected to the landing opposite to the incoming stairs, this structure is biased in favor of occupants from stairs. The work in this paper is intended to better understand movement during stair evacuations and develop a technical foundation for codes and standards requirements as well as egress modeling techniques.},
keywords = {ants, evacuation, fundamental diagram, modeling, pedestrian, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{jiang-2018-cdyn,
title = {Reinforcement learning approach for coordinated passenger inflow control of urban rail transit in peak hours},
author = {Zhibin Jiang and Wei Fan and Wei Liu and Bingqin Zhu and Gu Jinjing},
doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2018.01.008},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {88},
pages = {1-16},
keywords = {choice},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{iso-2018-26262-6-cdyn,
title = {Road vehicles --- Functional safety --- Part 6: Product development at the software level},
author = {ISO},
url = {https://www.iso.org/standard/68388.html},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
publisher = {ISO, Geneva, Switzerland},
keywords = {norm},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{halder-2017-cdyn,
title = {Limitations of oxygen uptake and leg muscle activity during ascending evacuation in stairways},
author = {Amitava Halder and Kalev Kuklane and Chuansi Gao and Michael Miller and Mattias Delin and Johan Norén and Karl Fridolf},
doi = {10.1016/j.apergo.2017.08.003},
issn = {0003-6870},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Applied Ergonomics},
volume = {66},
pages = {52--63},
abstract = {Stair ascending performance is critical during evacuation from buildings and underground infrastructures. Healthy subjects performed self-paced ascent in three settings: 13 floor building, 31 floor building, 33 m stationary subway escalator. 
To investigate leg muscle and cardiorespiratory capacities and how they constrain performance, oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR) and ascending speed were measured in all three; electromyography (EMG) in the first two. The VO2 and HR ranged from 89 to 96% of 
the maximum capacity reported in the literature. The average highest VO2 and HR ranged from 39 to 41 mL kg -1 min -1 and 162 to 174 
b min -1, respectively. The subjects were able to sustain their initial preferred maximum pace for a short duration, while the average step rate was 92 95 steps per min. In average, VO2 reached relatively stable values at bout 37 mL kg -1 min -1 . EMG amplitudes decreased significantly and frequencies were unchanged. Speed reductions indicate that climbing capacity declined in the process of 
fatigue development. In the two buildings, the reduction of muscle power allowed the subjects to extend their tolerance and complete ascents in the 48 m and 109 m high stairways in 2.9 and 7.8 min, respectively. Muscle activity interpretation squares were developed and 
proved advantageous to observe fatigue and recovery over time.},
keywords = {physical capacity},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zoennchen-2018-cdynb,
title = {A parallel generator for sparse unstructured meshes to solve the eikonal equation},
author = {Benedikt Zönnchen and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1016/j.jocs.2018.09.009},
issn = {1877-7503},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Computational Science},
volume = {32},
pages = {141--147},
abstract = {Mesh generation is the first step in a wide range of applications including navigation for robots or virtual agents in pedestrian simulations. To find the shortest travel time to a target, a common technique is to solve the eikonal equation on a mesh. We propose EikMesh, an extension of the DistMesh algorithm. EikMesh is a fast parallel mesh generator that reduces the number of mesh points, and thus the computation time, while maintaining precision of numerical solvers on the mesh. It automatically refines where desired, in our case, where the eikonal equation undergoes changes, e.g. near obstacles. The first crucial step is the generation of a sophisticated initial mesh which reduces the number of smoothing steps. In addition, EikMesh avoids expensive Delaunay-re-triangulations. Space filling curves manage storage space in a cache-friendly manner. EikMesh scales better than the parallelized traditional DistMesh and significantly outperforms it for a number of test cases.},
keywords = {eikonal equation, mesh refinement, meshing, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{geirhos-2018-cdyn,
title = {Comparing deep neural networks against humans: object recognition when the signal gets weaker},
author = {Robert Geirhos and David H. J. Janssen and Heiko H. Schütt and Jonas Rauber and Matthias Bethge and Felix A. Wichmann},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.06969},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Computing Research Repository},
abstract = {Human visual object recognition is typically rapid and seemingly effortless, as well as largely independent of viewpoint and object orientation. Until very recently, animate visual systems were the only ones capable of this remarkable computational feat. This has changed with the rise of a class of computer vision algorithms called deep neural networks (DNNs) that achieve human-level classification performance on object recognition tasks. Furthermore, a growing number of studies report similarities in the way DNNs and the human visual system process objects, suggesting that current DNNs may be good models of human visual object recognition. Yet there clearly exist important architectural and processing differences between state-of-the-art DNNs and the primate visual system. The potential behavioural consequences of these differences are not well understood. We aim to address this issue by comparing human and DNN generalisation abilities towards image degradations. We find the human visual system to be more robust to image manipulations like contrast reduction, additive noise or novel eidolon-distortions. In addition, we find progressively diverging classification error-patterns between humans and DNNs when the signal gets weaker, indicating that there may still be marked differences in the way humans and current DNNs perform visual object recognition. We envision that our findings as well as our carefully measured and freely available behavioural datasets provide a new useful benchmark for the computer vision community to improve the robustness of DNNs and a motivation for neuroscientists to search for mechanisms in the brain that could facilitate this robustness.},
keywords = {comparison, deep learning, perception},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{haghani-2018-cdyn,
title = {Crowd behaviour and motion: Empirical methods},
author = {Milad Haghani and Majid Sarvi},
doi = {10.1016/j.trb.2017.06.017},
issn = {0191-2615},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part B: Methodological},
volume = {107},
pages = {253--294},
abstract = {Introduction 
The safety of humans in crowded environments has been recognised as an important and rapidly growing research area with significant implications for urban planning, event management, building design, fire safety engineering and rescue service to name a few. This stream of research is aimed at guiding safe designs and effective evacuation plans by simulating emergency scenarios and estimating measures such as total evacuation time. A large body of research has also been dedicated to the development of modelling tools with the capability to identify (and thus prevent) circumstances that lead to crowd discomfort, crashes or disasters in mass gatherings and public facilities. It has, however, been argued that the empirical knowledge in this area has lagged behind the theoretical developments and computational capabilities. This has left the descriptive power of the existing models for reproducing the natural behaviour of humans questionable given that in many cases there is a lack of reliable and well-conditioned data for model validation or calibration purposes. 
Methods 
With the vast majority of the empirical knowledge in this fast-growing and interdisciplinary field being very recent, a survey of the existing literature is still missing. Here, we gather together the existing empirical knowledge in this area in a comprehensive review (based on surveying more than 160 studies restricted to those published in peer-reviewed journals since 1995) in order to help bridge this gap. We introduce for the first time a categorisation system of the relevant data collection techniques by recognising seven general empirical approaches. We also differentiate between various aspects of human behaviour pertinent to crowd behaviour by putting them into perspective in terms of three general levels of decision making. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages offered by each data collection technique. Major gaps and poorly-explored topics in the current literature are discussed. 
Findings and applications 
Our major conclusion is that the empirical evidence in this area is largely disperse and even in some cases mixed and contradictory, requiring a more unified system of terminologies and problem definitions as well as unified measurement methods in order for the findings of different studies to become replicable and comparable. We also showed that the existing body of empirical studies display a clear imbalance in addressing various aspects of human behaviour with certain (but crucial) aspects (such as pre-movement time and choice of activity) being poorly understood (as opposed to our knowledge and amount of data about walking behaviour for example). Our review also revealed that previous studies have predominantly displayed a stronger tendency to study the behaviour based on aggregate measures as opposed to individual-level data collection attempts. We hope that this collection of findings sets clearer avenues for advancing the knowledge in this area, guides future experiment designs and helps researchers form better-informed hypotheses and choose most suitable data collection methods for their question in hand.},
keywords = {crowd, empirical, fire, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{haghani-2018b-cdyn,
title = {Simulating Indoor Evacuation of Pedestrians: The Sensitivity of Predictions to Directional-Choice Calibration Parameters},
author = {Milad Haghani and Majid Sarvi and Abbas Rajabifard},
doi = {10.1177/0361198118796351},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
abstract = {The increasing occurrence of safety-related incidents like fire and terror attacks in crowded public facilities and mass gatherings has heightened the importance of planning for efficient evacuations through optimizing evacuation routes and architectural designs. This calls for the development of simulation and analytical tools that can replicate occupants' responses and thereby their most likely movement patterns. Such models must be accurate to prevent inappropriate design and planning. One major factor connected to prediction accuracy is the sensitivity of modeling outputs to the value of their various parameters. We report on implementation of a calibrated model of directional choices in a microscopic simulation model of pedestrians' evacuation. We show how estimates of the aggregate measures of prediction are sensitive to the parameters of this tactical level (i.e., directional choice) model. Results demonstrate that the prediction of the total evacuation time and average individual evacuation times are closely correlated with one another in terms of their variation, and are both very sensitive to the specification of each directional choice parameter. Simulated evacuation time could vary up to nearly 30 Percent depending on parameter values. The observed sensitivity highlighted the significance of importing well-calibrated parameters into such simulation models and practicing consistent degrees of accuracy for all levels of decision modeling. We also inferred that the two aggregate measures (i.e., total evacuation time and average individual evacuation times) can be used interchangeably as the basis for evacuation optimization or sensitivity analysis practices. 
 
The design of efficient evacuation plans and accessing accurate estimates of evacuation times have become major concerns related to the safety of crowded public facilities, high-rise buildings, and mass gatherings (1, 2). Attention to this problem has heightened as a result of the increasing occurrence of emergency incidents in such environments within recent years (3). Research on this problem has grown at a fast pace aiming at developing simulation and optimization tools for supporting fast discharge of occupants (4, 5). Such simulation models are meant to allow planners to evaluate the efficiency of their evacuation plans and the architectural design of facilities, perform reliable risk analysis, and identify problematic locations and critical crowding levels. 
 
The accuracy of such models has always been a major issue given the potential ramifications of inappropriate design or poor planning in this context. Clearly, the accuracy of such models relies heavily on how accurately they replicate the element of human behavior. This has particularly been a significant modeling aspect for the microscopic simulation models that attempt to replicate evacuation patterns by simulating individuals' behavior (as happens in reality) (6). 
 
The paucity of data and observations in this particular context has been regarded as a major obstacle towards calibrating and validating many of the existing methodologies and heuristic approaches (7, 8). To address this challenge, one has to resort either to the available field observations from previous emergency incidents (e.g., from CCTV footage) or to collect data in experimental settings. Both approaches, however, pose their own challenges. 
 
While observations from naturally-occurring emergencies are valued for their realism (9, 10), they are rarely accessible to researchers or do not provide sufficient material for modeling or model calibration. Such observations are often one-off and do not offer replications, and the analyst does not have any influence on the observations and thus cannot manipulate any factor for a systematic analysis of a specific phenomenon. They also may be subject to high levels of measurement error (e.g., due to low quality or limited coverage of recorded images). 
 
On the other hand, experimental data provides greater flexibility in that the analyst is in charge of all control factors and can vary them through efficient designs and observe the behavior systematically (11-15). Measurement errors can be kept to a minimum level, and the analyst can replicate the experiments multiple times and draw robust inferences. The major issue is how realistically the context of an experiment can represent a case of an emergency (16). There are certainly limits to how realistic an experiment of evacuation behavior could be, given the ethical and safety restrictions. 
 
A number of authors in this field have suggested that the aspects of the human behavior that need to be investigated and modeled could be classified into three levels of decision making (17-20): (a) occupants' reaction times and pre-evacuation activities, known as "strategic" decisions, (b) their directional route choices, known as "tactical" decisions, and (c) their momentary step choices to avoid collision, known as "operational" decisions. It is clear that accurate modeling in this context necessitates consistent modeling accuracy at all three levels. 
 
In a recent review of the empirical studies in this field, Haghani and Sarvi (21) quantitatively showed that studies related to operational (also known as "walking behavior") models greatly outnumber studies that have addressed the two other aspects of evacuation modeling. Well-functioning and data-supported walking models have been proposed that can adequately replicate the step choices of evacuees (given their directional preferences) (22-24). How occupants make their directional choices has been much less understood, however (25-27). A number of studies have resorted to pure theoretical or modeler-defined assumptions for this aspect (28-31). In the absence of empirical observations, however, one may question the accuracy of such assumptions which could often be quite arbitrary. This could be partly attributed to the greater challenges involved in experimenting with the strategic and tactical levels of decision making as opposed to observing and analyzing pedestrians' walking. 
 
In a recent literature survey, Haghani and Sarvi (21) reviewed the possible relevant data collection methods in this context and identified seven major empirical methods in their categorization: (1) animal crowd experiments (32, 33), (2) virtual reality experiments, (3) controlled laboratory experiments with human crowds, (4) evacuation drills in real buildings, (5) video analysis of naturally-occurring emergencies, (6) video analysis of natural walking, and (7) interview surveys with survivors of mass emergencies. They discussed the advantages and disadvantages offered by each class of data collection and also determined that each class only provides data for particular levels of escape decision making that we categorized earlier. 
 
For the particular problem of directional choices, laboratory experiments with human crowds (34), virtual reality experiments (27, 35), and evacuation drills (36) have proven most popular in former studies. Experiments with human crowds in artificial environments, in particular, have been regarded as a reasonable compromise between the level of contextual realism and the level of controllability. Despite the great efforts that have been made in recent studies, a missing element has been experimental design and analysis at the level of individuals, as previous studies have predominantly been based on the analysis of aggregate (or macroscopic) measures of behavior (26, 37, 38). Although useful insight can still be inferred from such aggregate measures, this common feature of the past studies has partly hindered the derivation of behavioral models suitable for microscopic simulation models. 
 
In this study, we report on a series of controlled laboratory experiments with human crowds dedicated to wayfinding and directional choice behavior. The experimental observations have been extracted at disaggregate (i.e., individual) level from which we derived a multi-variable model of directional choices. The model probabilistically replicates the directional choices by quantifying evacuees' tradeoffs between a number of factors related to the physical architecture of the escape environment (i.e., physical factors) and a number of factors related to peer influence (i.e., social factors). This tactical level model is then integrated with a conventional operational level model of walking to form a bi-layer simulation model of evacuation. We report on sensitivity analyses on the directional choice parameters of this model to examine the sensitivity of system-wise aggregate measures (e.g., total evacuation times) to these calibration parameters.},
keywords = {ants, fire, pedestrian, sensitivity analysis, social forces},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{huey-2018-cdyn,
title = {'If You're Gonna Make a Decision, You Should Understand the Rationale': Are Police Leadership Programs Preparing Canadian Police Leaders for Evidence-Based Policing?},
author = {Laura Huey and Hina Kalyal and Hillary Peladeau and Felisha Lindsay},
doi = {10.1093/police/pay086},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice},
publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
keywords = {decision, safety},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kielar-2018-cdyn,
title = {Spice: A Cognitive Agent Framework for Computational Crowd Simulations in Complex Environments},
author = {Peter M. Kielar and André Borrmann},
doi = {10.1007/s10458-018-9383-2},
issn = {1387-2532},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems},
volume = {32},
number = {3},
pages = {387--416},
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
address = {Norwell, MA, USA},
abstract = {Pedestrian behavior is an omnipresent topic, but the underlying cognitive processes and the various influences on movement behavior are still not fully understood. Nonetheless, computational simulations that predict crowd behavior are essential for safety, economics, and transport. Contemporary approaches of pedestrian behavior modeling focus strongly on the movement aspects and seldom address the rich body of research from cognitive science. Similarly, general purpose cognitive architectures are not suitable for agents that can move in spatial domains because they do not consider the profound findings of pedestrian dynamics research. Thus, multi-agent simulations of crowd behavior that strongly incorporate both research domains have not yet been fully realized. Here, we propose the cognitive agent framework Spice. The framework provides an approach to structure pedestrian agent models by integrating concepts of pedestrian dynamics and cognition. Further, we provide a model that implements the framework. The model solves spatial sequential choice problems in sufficient detail, including movement and cognition aspects. We apply the model in a computer simulation and validate the Spice approach by means of data from an uncontrolled field study. The Spice framework is an important starting point for further research, as we believe that fostering interdisciplinary modeling approaches will be highly beneficial to the field of pedestrian dynamics.},
keywords = {cognition, decision, modeling, pedestrian, perception},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kinsey-2018-cdyn,
title = {Cognitive Biases Within Decision Making During Fire Evacuations},
author = {M. J. Kinsey and S. M. V. Gwynne and E. D. Kuligowski and M. Kinateder},
doi = {10.1007/s10694-018-0708-0},
issn = {1572-8099},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Fire Technology},
abstract = {During a fire evacuation, once an individual perceives cues from a fire event, they must interpret them to assess the new situation and determine whether action is required. It is proposed that this assessment and action selection can employ either an automatic or reflective processing system depending on the nature of the situation and the experiences of the individual involved. This decision-making process is bounded in terms of the information available, the time available, and an individual's resources to process such information that influences which processing mechanism is adopted. To compensate for such limitations and manage the uncertainty and complexity associated with the decision-making process, people may employ heuristics that reduce decision-making from a cognitively effortful problem-solving task requiring mental reflection, to a less effortful pattern-matching process, where stored conditions and expectations are quickly scanned to identify relevant responses. During this decision-making process cognitive biases may occur which cause an individual to neglect or be biased towards certain information: this may potentially lead to an inappropriate and/or unexpected response. Cognitive biases affect performance without the individual being directly aware of them. This paper identifies cognitive biases from existing literature that may influence a person's decision-making process during a fire evacuation, along with how these align with general decision-making in the process. The purpose of the article is to promote consideration of cognitive biases in the modeling of evacuee behavior, as well as during the fire safety design of buildings and evacuation procedures.},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kouskoulis-2018-cdyn,
title = {Pedestrian simulation: Theoretical models vs. data driven techniques},
author = {George Kouskoulis and Ioanna Spyropoulou and Constantinos Antoniou},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijtst.2018.09.001},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology},
volume = {7},
number = {4},
pages = {241--253},
abstract = {This paper presents a comparison and relative assessment of data driven techniques and conventional theoretical pedestrian simulation models. Data driven methods are applied for simulating phenomena without a priori knowledge of parameter connections, while indicating high modeling performance. In contrast, theoretical models rely on pedestrian kinematics principles and provide mathematical functions on model parameters. A comparison between locally weighted regression and a social force model in real data (collected by the authors within the framework of this research) suggests superior performance of the data driven model on modeling pedestrian movements. However, a more integrated comparative analysis should be conducted, to validate these preliminary observations. Additional contributions, presented in this research, include an algorithm for eliminating data noise, based on an Unscented Kalman filter and moving average extensions.},
note = {Special Issue on Advances in Transportation Modeling and Policy in the Modern Era},
keywords = {pedestrian, sensitivity analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{lovreglio-2018-cdyn,
title = {A Review of Augmented Reality Applications for Building Evacuation},
author = {Ruggiero Lovreglio},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.04186},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {17th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering},
abstract = {Evacuation is one of the main disaster management solutions to reduce the impact of man-made and natural threats on building occupants. To date, several modern technologies and gamification concepts, e.g. immersive virtual reality and serious games, have been used to enhance building evacuation preparedness and effectiveness. Those tools have been used both to investigate human behavior during building emergencies and to train building occupants on how to cope with building evacuations. Augmented Reality (AR) is novel technology that can enhance this process providing building occupants with virtual contents to improve their evacuation performance. This work aims at reviewing existing AR applications developed for building evacuation. This review identifies the disasters and types of building those tools have been applied for. Moreover, the application goals, hardware and evacuation stages affected by AR are also investigated in the review. Finally, this review aims at identifying the challenges to face for further development of AR evacuation tools.},
keywords = {ants, evacuation, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{lovreglio-2018b-cdyn,
title = {Investigating pedestrian navigation in indoor open space environments using big data},
author = {Lovreglio Ruggiero and Dias Charitha and Song Xiang and Ballerini Lucia},
doi = {10.1016/j.apm.2018.06.014},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Applied Mathematical Modelling},
volume = {62},
pages = {499--509},
keywords = {calibration, cellular automata, data-driven modeling, floor field},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{luo-2018-cdyn,
title = {Update schemes of multi-velocity floor field cellular automaton for pedestrian dynamics},
author = {L. Luo and Z. Fu and H. Cheng and L. Yang},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2017.09.049},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {491},
pages = {946--963},
abstract = {Modeling pedestrian movement is an interesting problem both in statistical physics and in computational physics. Update schemes of cellular automaton (CA) models for pedestrian dynamics govern the schedule of pedestrian movement. Usually, different update schemes make the models behave in different ways, which should be carefully recalibrated. Thus, in this paper, we investigated the influence of four different update schemes, namely parallel/synchronous scheme, random scheme, order-sequential scheme and shuffled scheme, on pedestrian dynamics. The multi-velocity floor field cellular automaton (FFCA) considering the changes of pedestrians? moving properties along walking paths and heterogeneity of pedestrians? walking abilities was used. As for parallel scheme only, the collisions detection and resolution should be considered, resulting in a great difference from any other update schemes. For pedestrian evacuation, the evacuation time is enlarged, and the difference in pedestrians? walking abilities is better reflected, under parallel scheme. In face of a bottleneck, for example a exit, using a parallel scheme leads to a longer congestion period and a more dispersive density distribution. The exit flow and the space?time distribution of density and velocity have significant discrepancies under four different update schemes when we simulate pedestrian flow with high desired velocity. Update schemes may have no influence on pedestrians in simulation to create tendency to follow others, but sequential and shuffled update scheme may enhance the effect of pedestrians? familiarity with environments.},
keywords = {cellular automata, pedestrian, update},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{poulos-2018-cdyn,
title = {Validation of an agent-based building evacuation model with a school drill},
author = {Alan Poulos and Felipe Tocornal and Juan Carlos Llera and Judith Mitrani-Reiser},
doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2018.10.010},
issn = {0968-090X},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {97},
pages = {82--95},
abstract = {An effective evacuation of buildings is critical to minimize casualties due to natural or anthropogenic hazards. Building evacuation models help in preparing for future events and shed light on possible shortcomings of current evacuation designs. However, such models are seldom compared or validated with real evacuations, which is a critical step in assessing their predictive capacities. This research focuses on the evacuation of a K-12 (kindergarten to 12th grade) school located within the tsunami inundation zone of Iquique, Chile. An agent-based evacuation model was developed to simulate the evacuation of approximately 1500 children and staff from the school during a global evacuation drill carried out for the entire city. The model simulates the motions of heterogeneous human agents, and the simulations were validated using video analysis of the real event. Resulting error estimations between predicted versus measured flow rates and evacuation times are 13.5% and 5.9%, respectively. The good agreement between the simulated and measured values can be attributed to the known distribution of students and staff at the start of the drill, and their known exposure to emergency preparedness protocols. However, the results presented herein show that this mathematical evacuation model can be used for logistical changes in the emergency planning.},
keywords = {evacuation, model, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{rehder-2018-cdyn,
title = {Pedestrian Prediction by Planning Using Deep Neural Networks},
author = {Eike Rehder and Florian Wirth and Martin Lauer and Christoph Stiller},
doi = {10.1109/ICRA.2018.8460203},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
abstract = {Accurate traffic participant prediction is the prerequisite for collision avoidance of autonomous vehicles. In this work, we propose to predict pedestrians using goal-directed planning. For this, we infer a mixture density function for possible destinations. We use these destinations as the goal states of a planning stage that performs motion prediction based on common behavior patterns. The patterns are learned by a fully convolutional network operating on maps of the environment. We show that this entire system can be modeled as one monolithic neural network and trained via inverse reinforcement learning. Experimental validation on real world data shows the system's ability to predict both, destinations and trajectories accurately.},
keywords = {deep learning, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{schadschneider-2018-cdyn,
title = {Pedestrian dynamics: From empirical results to modeling},
author = {A. Schadschneider and M. Chraibi and A. Seyfried and A. Tordeux and J. Zhang},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-05129-7_4},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology},
pages = {63--102},
keywords = {bottleneck, empirical, modeling, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{sfeir-2018-cdyn,
title = {Simulation-based evacuation planning using state-of-the-art sensitivity analysis techniques},
author = {Georges Sfeir and Constantinos Antoniou and Nivine Abbas},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2018.09.017},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory},
volume = {89},
pages = {160--174},
abstract = {With the continuous growth of cities and the issues of insufficient space, indoor parking garages have become a vital component of transportation systems. Since emergencies will occur sooner or later, planning and organizing a successful evacuation plan for parking garages, with the aim of reducing the evacuation time and improving the driver's behavior during evacuations, is needed. This research presents a systematic approach for the development and evaluation of evacuation strategies in such environments, through state-of-the-art sensitivity analysis that provides faster convergence and lower computational burden. To demonstrate the proposed methodology, a simulation model is developed using AIMSUN for a three-level indoor parking garage located in Athens, Greece. Four scenarios with different evacuation strategies and plans are considered. A multi-step sensitivity analysis framework is implemented to overcome the uncertainties that emerge from the model assumptions, model inaccuracy and shortage of data. Sensitivity analysis is used to evaluate the consequences of the proposed scenarios and estimate the total time to evacuate the parking garage. The full experimental design resulted in the automated execution of more than 80 thousand simulations, corresponding to approximately 65 processor-days. The results of this research show that the developed methodology provides significant reduction in evacuation time (from 35% to over 40%). This process provides useful and credible ranges of expected evacuation times under all plausible outcomes.},
keywords = {pedestrian, sensitivity analysis, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{shahhoseini-2018-cdyn,
title = {Pedestrian crowd dynamics in merging sections: Revisiting the "faster-is-slower" phenomenon},
author = {Zahra Shahhoseini and Majid Sarvi and Meead Saberi},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.09.003},
issn = {0378-4371},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {491},
pages = {101--111},
abstract = {The study of the discharge of active or self-driven matter in narrow passages has become of the growing interest in a variety of fields. The question has particularly important practical applications for the safety of pedestrian human flows notably in emergency scenarios. It has been suggested predominantly through simulation in some theoretical studies as well as through few experimentations that under certain circumstances, an elevated vigour to escape may exacerbate the outflow and cause further delay although the experimental evidence is rather mixed. The dimensions of this complex phenomenon known as the "faster-is slower" effect are of crucial importance to be understood owing to its potential practical implications for the emergency management. The contextual requirements of observing this phenomenon are yet to be identified. It is not clear whether a "do not speed up" policy is universally beneficial and advisable in an evacuation scenario. Here for the first time we experimentally examine this phenomenon in relation to the pedestrian flows at merging sections as a common geometric feature of crowd egress. Various merging angles and three different speed regimes were examined in high-density laboratory experiments. The measurements of flow interruptions and egress efficiency all indicated that the pedestrians were discharged faster when moving at elevated speed levels. We also observed clear dependencies between the discharge rate and the physical layout of the merging with certain designs clearly outperforming others. But regardless of the design, we observed faster throughput and greater avalanche sizes when we instructed pedestrians to run. Our results give the suggestion that observation of the faster-is-slower effect may necessitate certain critical conditions including passages being overly narrow relative to the size of participles (pedestrians) to create long-lasting blockages. The faster-is-slower assumption may not be universal and there may be circumstances where faster is, in fact, faster for evacuees. In the light of these findings, we suggest that it is important to identify and formulate those conditions so they can be disentangled from one another in the models. Misguided overgeneralisations may have unintended adverse ramifications for the safe evacuation management, and this highlights the need for further exploration of this phenomenon.},
keywords = {empirical, evacuation, flow},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{stott-2018-cdyn,
title = {The evolving normative dimensions of riot: toward an elaborated social identity explanation},
author = {Clofford Stott and R. Ball and John Drury and F. Neville and S. Reicher and A. Boardman and S. Choudhury},
doi = {10.1002/ejsp.2376},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
abstract = {The question of how normative form changes during a riot, and thus how collective behaviour spreads to different targets and locations, has been neglected in previous research, despite its theoretical and practical importance. We begin to address this limitation through a detailed analysis of the rioting in the London borough of Haringey in 2011. 
A triangulated analysis of multiple sources of data (including police reports, media accounts, and videos) finds a pattern of behaviour shifting from collective attacks on police targets to looting. 
A thematic analysis of 41 interview accounts with participants gathered shortly after the events suggests that a shared anti-police identity allowed local postcode rivalries to be overcome, forming the basis of empowered action not only against the police but to address more long-standing grievances and desires. 
It is argued that collective psychological empowerment operated in a positive feedback loop, whereby one form of collective self-objectification (and perceived inability of police to respond) formed the basis of further action. This analysis of the development of new targets in an empowered crowd both confirms and extends the elaborated social identity model as an explanation for conflictual intergroup dynamics.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{templeton-2018-cdyn,
title = {Walking together: behavioural signatures of psychological crowds},
author = {Anne Templeton and John Drury and Andrew Philippides},
doi = {10.1098/rsos.180172},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {R. Soc. open sci},
abstract = {Research in crowd psychology has demonstrated key 
differences between the behaviour of physical crowds where 
members are in the same place at the same time, and the 
collective behaviour of psychological crowds where the entire 
crowd perceive themselves to be part of the same group 
through a shared social identity. As yet, no research has 
investigated the behavioural effects that a shared social 
identity has on crowd movement at a pedestrian level. To 
investigate the direction and extent to which social identity 
influences the movement of crowds, 280 trajectories were 
tracked as participants walked in one of two conditions: 
(1) a psychological crowd primed to share a social identity; 
(2) a naturally occurring physical crowd. Behaviour 
was compared both within and between the conditions. 
In comparison to the physical crowd, members of the 
psychological crowd (i) walked slower, (ii) walked further, and 
(iii) maintained closer proximity. In addition, pedestrians who 
had to manoeuvre around the psychological crowd behaved 
differently to pedestrians who had to manoeuvre past the 
naturally occurring crowd. We conclude that the behavioural 
differences between physical and psychological crowds must 
be taken into account when considering crowd behaviour in 
event safety management and computer models of crowds.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{wang-2018-cdyn,
title = {Step styles of pedestrians at different densities},
author = {Jiayue Wang and Wenguo Weng and Maik Boltes and Jun Zhang and Antoine Tordeux and Verena Ziemer},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
volume = {2018},
number = {2},
pages = {023406},
abstract = {Stepping locomotion is the basis of human 
movement. The investigation of stepping locomotion and its affecting 
factors is necessary for a more realistic knowledge of human movement, 
which is usually referred to as walking with equal step lengths for the 
right and left leg. To study pedestrians'stepping locomotion, a set 
of single-file movement experiments involving 39 participants of the 
same age walking on a highly curved oval course is conducted. The 
microscopic characteristics of the pedestrians including 1D Voronoi 
density, speed, and step length are calculated based on a projected 
coordinate. The influence of the projection lines with different radii 
on the measurement of these quantities is investigated. The step lengths 
from the straight and curved parts are compared using the 
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. During the experiments, six different step 
styles are observed and the proportions of different step styles change 
with the density. At low density, the main step style is the 
stable-large step style and the step lengths of one pedestrian are 
almost constant. At high density, some pedestrians adjust and decrease 
their step lengths. Some pedestrians take relatively smaller and larger 
steps alternately to adapt to limited space.},
keywords = {ants, empirical, gait, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{wang-2018b-cdyn,
title = {Linking pedestrian flow characteristics with stepping locomotion},
author = {Jiayue Wang and Maik Boltes and Armin Seyfried and Jun Zhang and Verena Ziemer and Wenguo Weng},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2018.02.021},
issn = {0378-4371},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {500},
pages = {106--120},
abstract = {While properties of human traffic flow are described by speed, density and flow, the locomotion of pedestrian is based on steps. To relate characteristics of human locomotor system with properties of human traffic flow, this paper aims to connect gait characteristics like step length, step frequency, swaying amplitude and synchronization with speed and density and thus to build a ground for advanced pedestrian models. For this aim, observational and experimental study on the single-file movement of pedestrians at different densities is conducted. Methods to measure step length, step frequency, swaying amplitude and step synchronization are proposed by means of trajectories of the head. Mathematical models for the relations of step length or frequency and speed are evaluated. The problem how step length and step duration are influenced by factors like body height and density is investigated. It is shown that the effect of body height on step length and step duration changes with density. Furthermore, two different types of step in-phase synchronization between two successive pedestrians are observed and the influence of step synchronization on step length is examined.},
keywords = {pedestrian, stepping behavior},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{xiao-2018-cdyn,
title = {Investigation of Voronoi diagram based direction choices using uni- and bi-directional trajectory data},
author = {Y. Xiao and M. Chraibi and Y. Qu and A. Tordeux and Z. Gao},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.97.052127},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {97},
number = {5},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
abstract = {In a crowd, individuals make different motion choices such as "moving to destination," "following another pedestrian," and "making a detour." For the sake of convenience, the three direction choices are respectively called destination direction, following direction, and detour direction in this paper. Here, it is found that the featured direction choices could be inspired by the shape characteristics of the Voronoi diagram. To be specific, in the Voronoi cell of a pedestrian, the direction to a Voronoi node is regarded as a potential "detour" direction and the direction perpendicular to a Voronoi link is regarded as a potential "following" direction. A pedestrian generally owns several alternative Voronoi nodes and Voronoi links in a Voronoi cell, and the optimal detour and following direction are determined by considering related factors such as deviation. Plus the destination direction which is directly pointing to the destination, the three basic direction choices are defined in a Voronoi cell. In order to evaluate the Voronoi diagram based basic directions, the empirical trajectory data in both uni- and bi-directional flow experiments are extracted. A time series method considering the step frequency is used to reduce the original trajectories' swaying phenomena which might disturb the recognition of actual forward direction. The deviations between the empirical velocity direction and the basic directions are investigated, and each velocity direction is classified into a basic direction or regarded as an inexplicable direction according to the deviations. The analysis results show that each basic direction could be a potential direction choice for a pedestrian. The combination of the three basic directions could cover most empirical velocity direction choices in both uni- and bi-directional flow experiments.},
keywords = {bidirectional, computational geometry, flow, time series, trajectories, voronoi diagram},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{yamin-2018-cdyn,
title = {Managing Crowds with Wireless and Mobile Technologies},
author = {Mohammad Yamin and Abdullah Basahel and Adnan Abi Sen},
doi = {10.1155/2018/7361597},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing},
volume = {2018},
pages = {1-15},
keywords = {control, crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zeng-2018-cdyn,
title = {Experimental and modeling study on relation of pedestrian step length and frequency under different headways},
author = {G. Zeng and S. Cao and C. Liu and W. Song},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2018.02.095},
year  = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {500},
pages = {237--248},
abstract = {It is important to study pedestrian stepping behavior and characteristics for facility design and pedestrian flow study due to pedestrians' 
bipedal movement. In this paper, data of steps are extracted based on trajectories of pedestrians from a single-file experiment. It is found that step length and step frequency will decrease 75% and 33%, respectively, when global density increases from 0.46 ped/m to 2.28 ped/m. With the increment of headway, they will first increase and then remain constant when the headway is beyond 1.16 m and 0.91 m, respectively. 
Step length and frequency under different headways can be described well by normal distributions. Meanwhile, relationships between step length and frequency under different headways exist. Step frequency decreases with the increment of step length. However, the decrease tendencies depend on headways as a whole. And there are two decrease tendencies: when the headway is between about 0.6 m and 1.0 m, the decrease rate of the step frequency will increase with the increment of step length; while it will decrease when the headway is beyond about 1.0 m and below about 0.6 m. A model is built based on the experiment results. In fundamental diagrams, the results of simulation agree well with those of experiment. The study can be helpful for understanding pedestrian stepping behavior and designing public facilities.},
keywords = {empirical, fundamental diagram, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{greenfield-2017-cdyn,
title = {Oxford Street panic began with fight at tube station, suggest police},
author = {Patrick Greenfield and Ian Cobain and Vikram Dodd},
url = {https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/24/oxford-circus-police-attend-tube-incident},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-11-25},
journal = {The Guardian},
abstract = {Visitors to London West End ran and hid, two tube stations were closed and armed police raced to scene after incident.},
note = {Accessed 08. October 2020},
keywords = {crowd, evacuation, newspaper, pedestrian, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@misc{mendick-2017-cdyn,
title = {Oxford Circus: Met Police end operation after thousands flee in panic over reports of 'gunshots'},
author = {Robert Mendick and Harry Yorke},
url = {https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/24/oxford-circus-station-evacuated-armed-police-respond-incident2/},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-11-24},
journal = {The Telegraph},
abstract = {On Black Friday on Britain's best known and busiest street, packed with Christmas shoppers, commuters and school children, it seemed that terrorists had struck.},
note = {Accessed 08. October 2020},
keywords = {crowd, evacuation, newspaper, pedestrian, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@misc{collier-2017-cdyn,
title = {Oxford Circus: Terror alert on London's busiest shopping street declared false alarm},
author = {Hatty Collier and Patrick Grafton-Green},
url = {https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/oxford-circus-terror-alert-on-londons-busiest-shopping-street-declared-false-alarm-a3701436.html},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-11-24},
journal = {Evening Standard},
abstract = {Tens of thousands of people were caught up in a major terror scare on London's busiest shopping street that turned out to be a false alarm.},
note = {Accessed 08. October 2020},
keywords = {crowd, evacuation, newspaper, pedestrian, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@misc{siddique-2017-cdyn,
title = {Oxford Circus: police stood down after incident in central London ??? as it happened (eyewitness accounts)},
author = {Haroon Siddique},
url = {https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/live/2017/nov/24/oxford-circus-police-london-tube-gunshots-live},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-11-24},
journal = {The Guardian},
abstract = {This blog will be closing now. Here is a summary of tonight's events.},
note = {Accessed 13. October 2020},
keywords = {crowd, evacuation, newspaper, pedestrian, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{neto-2017-cdyn,
title = {Statistical models for the estimation of the origin-destination matrix from traffic counts},
author = {Anselmo Ramalho Pitombeira Neto and Francisco Moraes Oliveira Neto and Carlos Felipe Grangeiro Loureiro},
doi = {10.14295/transportes.v25i4.1344},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Transportes},
abstract = {In transportation planning, one of the first steps is to estimate the travel demand. The final product of the estimation process is an origin-destination (OD) matrix, whose entries correspond to the number of trips between pairs of origin-destination zones in a study region. In this paper, we review the main statistical models proposed in the literature for the estimation of the OD matrix based on traffic counts. Unlike reconstruction models, statistical models do not aim at estimating the exact OD matrix corresponding to observed traffic volumes, but they rather aim at estimating the parameters of a statistical model of the population of OD matrices. Initially we define the estimation problem, emphasizing its underspecified nature, which has lead to the development of several models based on different approaches. We describe static models whose parameters are estimated by means of maximum likelihood, the method of moments, and Bayesian inference. We also describe some recent dynamic models. Following that, we discuss research questions related to the underspecification problem, model assumptions and the estimation of the route choice matrix, and indicate promising research directions.},
keywords = {inversion, origin-destination matrix, statistics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{sieben-2017-cdyn,
title = {Collective phenomena in crowds --- Where pedestrian dynamics need social psychology},
author = {Anna Sieben and Jette Schumann and Armin Seyfried},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177328},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0177328},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
volume = {12},
number = {6},
pages = {1--19},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
abstract = {This article is on collective phenomena in pedestrian dynamics during the assembling and dispersal of gatherings. To date pedestrian dynamics have been primarily studied in the natural and engineering sciences. Pedestrians are analyzed and modeled as driven particles revealing self-organizing phenomena and complex transport characteristics. However, pedestrians in crowds also behave as living beings according to stimulus-response mechanisms or act as human subjects on the basis of social norms, social identities or strategies. To show where pedestrian dynamics need social psychology in addition to the natural sciences we propose the application of three categories --- phenomena, behavior and action. They permit a clear discrimination between situations in which minimal models from the natural sciences are appropriate and those in which sociological and psychological concepts are needed. To demonstrate the necessity of this framework, an experiment in which a large group of people (n = 270) enters a concert hall through two different spatial barrier structures is analyzed. These two structures correspond to everyday situations such as boarding trains and access to immigration desks. Methods from the natural and social sciences are applied. Firstly, physical measurements show the influence of the spatial structure on the dynamics of the entrance procedure. Density, waiting time and speed of progress show large variations. Secondly, a questionnaire study (n = 60) reveals how people perceive and evaluate these entrance situations. Markedly different expectations, social norms and strategies are associated with the two spatial structures. The results from the questionnaire study do not always conform to objective physical measures, indicating the limitations of models which are based on objective physical measures alone and which neglect subjective perspectives.},
keywords = {behavior, empirical, model, pedestrian, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{sindagi-2017-cdyn,
title = {A survey of recent advances in CNN-based single image crowd counting and density estimation},
author = {Vishwanath A. Sindagi and Vishal M. Patel},
doi = {10.1016/j.patrec.2017.07.007},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Pattern Recognition Letters},
abstract = {Estimating count and density maps from crowd images has a wide range of applications such as video surveillance, traffic monitoring, public safety and urban planning. In addition, techniques developed for crowd counting can be applied to related tasks in other fields of study such as cell microscopy, vehicle counting and environmental survey. The task of crowd counting and density map estimation is riddled with many challenges such as occlusions, non-uniform density, intra-scene and inter-scene variations in scale and perspective. Nevertheless, over the last few years, crowd count analysis has evolved from earlier methods that are often limited to small variations in crowd density and scales to the current state-of-the-art methods that have developed the ability to perform successfully on a wide range of scenarios. The success of crowd counting methods in the recent years can be largely attributed to deep learning and publications of challenging datasets. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of recent Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based approaches that have demonstrated significant improvements over earlier methods that rely largely on hand-crafted representations. First, we briefly review the pioneering methods that use hand-crafted representations and then we delve in detail into the deep learning-based approaches and recently published datasets. Furthermore, we discuss the merits and drawbacks of existing CNN-based approaches and identify promising avenues of research in this rapidly evolving field.},
keywords = {crowd, machine learning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@mastersthesis{sparnaaij-2017-cdyn,
title = {How to calibrate a pedestrian simulation model: An investigation into how the choices of scenarios and metrics influence the calibration},
author = {Martijn Sparnaaij},
url = {http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a0ce4bfc-ea40-43c5-a592-4e830ab62319},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
keywords = {calibration, pedestrian, sensitivity analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
@conference{tai-2017-cdyn,
title = {Virtual-to-real deep reinforcement learning: Continuous control of mobile robots for mapless navigation},
author = {Lei Tai and Giuseppe Paolo and Ming Liu},
doi = {10.1109/IROS.2017.8202134},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
abstract = {We present a learning-based mapless motion planner by taking the sparse 10-dimensional range findings and the target position with respect to the mobile robot coordinate frame as input and the continuous steering commands as output. Traditional motion planners for mobile ground robots with a laser range sensor mostly depend on the obstacle map of the navigation environment where both the highly precise laser sensor and the obstacle map building work of the environment are indispensable. We show that, through an asynchronous deep reinforcement learning method, a mapless motion planner can be trained end-to-end without any manually designed features and prior demonstrations. The trained planner can be directly applied in unseen virtual and real environments. The experiments show that the proposed mapless motion planner can navigate the nonholonomic mobile robot to the desired targets without colliding with any obstacles.},
keywords = {deep learning, navigation, reinforcement learning, robotics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@incollection{taillandier-2017-cdyn,
title = {A BDI Agent Architecture for the GAMA Modeling and Simulation Platform},
author = {Patrick Taillandier and Mathieu Bourgais and Philippe Caillou and Carole Adam and Benoit Gaudou},
editor = {L. Nardin and L. Antunes},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-67477-3_1},
isbn = {978-3-319-67476-6},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {Multi-Agent Based Simulation XVII},
volume = {10399},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
abstract = {With the increase of computing power and the development of user-friendly multi-agent simulation frameworks, social simulations have become increasingly realistic. However, most agent architectures in these simulations use simple reactive models. Indeed, cognitive agent architectures face two main obstacles: their complexity for the field-expert modeler, and their computational cost. In this paper, we propose a new cognitive agent architecture based on the BDI (Belief-Desire-Intention) paradigm integrated into the GAMA modeling platform and its GAML modeling language. This architecture was designed to be simple-to-use for modelers, flexible enough to manage complex behaviors, and with low computational cost. An experiment carried out with different profiles of end-users shows that the architecture is actually usable even by modelers who have little knowledge in programming and in Artificial Intelligence.},
keywords = {informatics, modeling, pedestrian, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
@inbook{vanderwal-2017-cdyn,
title = {Simulating Crowd Evacuation with Socio-Cultural, Cognitive, and Emotional Elements},
author = {C. Natalie Wal and Daniel Formolo and Mark A. Robinson and Michael Minkov and Tibor Bosse},
editor = {Jacek Mercik},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-70647-4_11},
isbn = {978-3-319-70647-4},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence XXVII},
pages = {139--177},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Cham},
abstract = {In this research, the effects of culture, cognitions, and emotions on crisis management and prevention are analysed. An agent-based crowd evacuation simulation model was created, named IMPACT, to study the evacuation process from a transport hub. To extend previous research, various socio-cultural, cognitive, and emotional factors were modelled, including: language, gender, familiarity with the environment, emotional contagion, prosocial behaviour, falls, group decision making, and compliance. The IMPACT model was validated against data from an evacuation drill using the existing EXODUS evacuation model. Results show that on all measures, the IMPACT model is within or close to the prescribed boundaries, thereby establishing its validity. Structured simulations with the validated model revealed important findings, including: the effect of doors as bottlenecks, social contagion speeding up evacuation time, falling behaviour not affecting evacuation time significantly, and travelling in groups being more beneficial for evacuation time than travelling alone. This research has important practical applications for crowd management professionals, including transport hub operators, first responders, and risk assessors.},
keywords = {behavior, evacuation, informatics, modeling, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
@article{wagoum-2017-cdyn,
title = {Understanding human queuing behaviour at exits: an empirical study},
author = {Armel Ulrich Kemloh Wagoum and Antoine Tordeux and Weichen Liao},
url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rsos.160896},
doi = {10.1098/rsos.160896},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {160896},
abstract = {The choice of the exit to egress from a facility plays a fundamental role in pedestrian modelling and simulation. Yet, empirical evidence for backing up simulation is scarce. In this contribution, we present three new groups of experiments that we conducted in different geometries. We varied parameters such as the width of the doors, the initial location and number of pedestrians which in turn affected their perception of the environment. We extracted and analysed relevant indicators such as distance to the exits and density levels. The results put in evidence the fact that pedestrians use time-dependent information to optimize their exit choice, and that, in congested states, a load balancing over the exits occurs. We propose a minimal modelling approach that covers those situations, especially the cases where the geometry does not show a symmetrical configuration. Most of the models try to achieve the load balancing by simulating the system and solving optimization problems. We show statistically and by simulation that a linear model based on the distance to the exits and the density levels around the exit can be an efficient dynamical alternative.},
keywords = {empirical, experiment, modeling, route choice},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{yang-2017-cdyn,
title = {Passenger distribution modelling at the subway platform based on ant colony optimization algorithm},
author = {Xiaoxia Yang and Hairong Dong and Xiuming Yao},
doi = {10.1016/j.simpat.2017.03.005},
issn = {1569-190X},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory},
volume = {77},
number = {Supplement C},
pages = {228--244},
abstract = {In the subway platform, not all passengers distribute randomly but gather in the waiting areas, especially when a train is coming. During emergency evacuations, passengers' initial distribution may play a significant role in affecting the escape efficiency. In this paper, a passenger distribution modelling method is proposed to predict such waiting area choice processes based on ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm, which is really a complicated job due to many influence factors. The model considers the distance to the target waiting area, the length of queues, the physical length of waiting areas and the train schedule as four main influence factors. Specially, a modification of the passenger's impatience factor in the famous social force model (SFM), better reflecting the change of psychological states with an arrival of a train, is presented. The field data collected at the Xuanwumen subway platform is utilized for the model calibration and validation. The ultimate simulation results demonstrate that passenger distributions based on ACO algorithm basically can reflect the field distribution and also the dynamic characteristics of waiting area choice processes. Impacts of passenger distributions on evacuation dynamics under fires are further studied based on the software FDS+Evac. The results indicate that passenger distribution does has little impact on evacuation efficiency when fires are not very large, while the evacuation will be affected significantly by passenger distributions once fires are large enough. This further indicates the necessity of studying the passenger distribution at the subway platform especially under emergencies.},
keywords = {animal, ants, fire, social forces, subway systems},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{yogameena-2017-cdyn,
title = {Computer vision based crowd disaster avoidance system: A survey},
author = {B. Yogameena and C. Nagananthini},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420916302916},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.02.021},
issn = {2212-4209},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction},
volume = {22},
pages = {95--129},
abstract = {Computer Vision (CV) based surveillance in crowded scenes is one of the most significant and promising topics due to the increase of people gatherings in public places where the possibilities of disasters and stampedes is also high. Therefore, it is essential to develop a well established Crowd Disaster Avoidance System (CDAS) for the public safety. In general, CV-CDAS focuses on crowd scene analysis, crowd behavior analysis and crowd management. Either, a stampede may occur due to abnormal behavior of individuals in a crowd or a crowd may behave abnormally after the stampede. Even though behavior analysis of a crowd plays an essential role, it is inadequate to decide whether a stampede may occur or not at that instance. Despite significant progress and various surveys on crowd scene, crowd modeling and behavior analysis over the past few decades, the existing surveys still fail to discuss and delineate the crowd disaster analysis based on many key aspects as a whole. However, CV-CDAS needs to be developed based on the necessary factors such as the number of cameras (single/multiple), target of interest (an individual/group or crowd), crowd scene (structured/unstructured), crowd motion (static/dynamic), crowd behavior analysis, people count and crowd density estimation, person re-identification in crowd, crowd evacuation, forensic analysis on crowd disaster and computations on crowd analysis. Consequently, taking all these factors into an account, this survey aims to deliberate a road map to develop a stable CV-CDAS which includes recent trends and approaches in the crowd disaster analysis. In addition, behavior analysis plays a vital role and hence, an extended version of existing survey with the perspective of single and multiple cameras is elaborated. Besides, it summarizes the crowd disaster problem handled by various CV algorithms in the past and also paves a way to avoid this problem in future. Moreover, this survey presents the existing benchmark datasets with their specifications and performance evaluation metrics with special focus on dataset which will be suitable for specific application and it helps the researchers to select appropriate dataset for evaluation. Finally, this paper concludes with open issues and directions for future research which may further motivate and guide the academic and industrial personnel, involved in developing CV-based crowd disaster management systems.},
keywords = {computer vision, crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zanlungo-2017-cdyn,
title = {Intrinsic group behaviour: Dependence of pedestrian dyad dynamics on principal social and personal features},
author = {F. Zanlungo and Z. Yücel and D. Brščić and T. Kanda and N. Hagita},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0187253},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {12},
number = {11},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
abstract = {Being determined by human social behaviour, pedestrian group dynamics may depend on 'intrinsic properties' such as the purpose of the pedestrians, their personal relation, gender, age, and body size. In this work we investigate the dynamical properties of pedestrian dyads (distance, spatial formation and velocity) by analysing a large data set of automatically tracked pedestrian trajectories in an unconstrained 'ecological' setting (a shopping mall), whose apparent physical and social group properties have been analysed by three different human coders. We observed that females walk slower and closer than males, that workers walk faster, at a larger distance and more abreast than leisure oriented people, and that inter-group relation has a strong effect on group structure, with couples walking very close and abreast, colleagues walking at a larger distance, and friends walking more abreast than family members. Pedestrian height (obtained automatically through our tracking system) influences velocity and abreast distance, both growing functions of the average group height. Results regarding pedestrian age show that elderly people walk slowly, while active age adults walk at the maximum velocity. Groups with children have a strong tendency to walk in a non-abreast formation, with a large distance (despite a low abreast distance). A cross-analysis of the interplay between these intrinsic features, taking in account also the effect of an 'extrinsic property' such as crowd density, confirms these major results but reveals also a richer structure. An interesting and unexpected result, for example, is that the velocity of groups with children increases with density, at least in the low-medium density range found under normal conditions in shopping malls. Children also appear to behave differently according to the gender of the parent.},
keywords = {behavior, crowd, empirical, group, pedestrian, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zeng-2017-cdyn,
title = {Experimental study on walking preference during high-rise stair evacuation under different ground illuminations},
author = {Yiping Zeng and Weiguo Song and Sha Jin and Rui Ye and Xiaodong Liu},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {479},
pages = {26--37},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Movements on stairs have attracted a lot of researchers to study in order to help evacuate as 
fast as possible. However, there has been much less awareness for this issue on preference 
for stairs and human behaviors under different illuminations. Experiments were carried 
out to study the human movement characteristics and human behavior performance 
when pedestrians walked down stairs alone. By extracting the positions of pedestrians 
on cameras, preference and movement characteristics were studied and discussed, and it 
is found that pedestrians would like to choose inner side stairs rather than outside stairs 
when stairs were divided into 2 parts. Besides, some conclusions can be drawn when stairs 
are divided into three components: when entering into sections under conditions of 100% 
and 12% illumination, both females and males have a preference for middle areas when 
the width of stairs is about 130 cm, but the preference would change with illumination 
conditions. Furthermore, when the illumination is 0%, the mean velocity is 0.50 +/- 0.14 
m/s. In addition, the usability to handrails helps to reduce time taken on interfaces or midlandings. 
The results help to better understand movement during stair evacuations and are 
important for constructing or improving evacuation models.},
keywords = {empirical, modeling, pedestrian, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zeng-2017b-cdyn,
title = {Specification and calibration of a microscopic model for pedestrian dynamic simulation at signalized intersections: A hybrid approach},
author = {Weiliang Zeng and Peng Chen and Guizhen Yu and Yunpeng Wang},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2017.04.009},
issn = {0968-090X},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {80},
pages = {37--70},
abstract = {Macroscopic pedestrian models for bidirectional flow analysis encounter limitations in describing microscopic dynamics at crosswalks. Pedestrian behavior at crosswalks is typically characterized by the evasive effect with conflicting pedestrians and vehicles and the following effect with leading pedestrians. This study proposes a hybrid approach (i.e., route search and social force-based approach) for modeling of pedestrian movement at signalized crosswalks. The key influential factors, i.e., leading pedestrians, conflict with opposite pedestrians, collision avoidance with vehicles, and compromise with traffic lights, are considered. Aerial video data collected at one intersection in Beijing, China were recorded and extracted. A new calibration approach based on a genetic algorithm is proposed that enables optimization of the relative error of pedestrian trajectory in two dimensions, i.e., moving distance and angle. Model validation is conducted by comparison with the observed trajectories in five typical cases of pedestrian crossing with or without conflict between pedestrians and vehicles. The characteristics of pedestrian flow, speed, acceleration, pedestrian-vehicle conflict, and the lane formation phenomenon were compared with those from two competitive models, thus demonstrating the advantage of the proposed model.},
keywords = {calibration, social forces},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@mastersthesis{goffau-2017-cdyn,
title = {Traffic load balancing to improve urban air quality},
author = {P. L. Goffau},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
school = {Technical University Delft},
keywords = {control, crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
@article{gwynne-2017-cdyn,
title = {Enhancing egress drills: Preparation and assessment of evacuee performance},
author = {Steve M. V. Gwynne and E. D. Kuligowski and K. E. Boyce and D. Nilsson and A. P. Robbins and Ruggiero Lovreglio and J. R. Thomas and A. Roy-Poirier},
doi = {10.1002/fam.2448},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Fire and Materials},
abstract = {This article explores how egress drills - specifically those related to fire incidents - are currently used, their impact on safety levels, and the insights gained from them. It is suggested that neither the merits of egress drills are well understood, nor the impact on egress performance well characterized. In addition, the manner in which they are conducted varies both between and within regulatory jurisdictions. By investigating their strengths and limitations, this article suggests opportunities for their enhancement possibly through the use of other egress models to support and expand upon the benefits provided. It is by no means suggested that drills are not important to evacuation safety - only that their inconsistent use and the interpretation of the results produced may mean we (as researchers, practitioners, regulators, and stakeholders) are not getting the maximum benefit out of this important tool.},
keywords = {evacuation, fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{haenseler-2017-cdyn,
title = {Estimation of Pedestrian Origin-Destination Demand in Train Stations},
author = {Flurin S. Hänseler and Nicholas A. Molyneaux and Michel Bierlaire},
doi = {10.1287/trsc.2016.0723},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Science},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {981--997},
abstract = {We present a framework for estimating pedestrian demand within a train station. It takes into account ridership data, and various direct and indirect indicators of demand. Such indicators may include link flow counts, density measurements, survey data, historical, or other information. The problem is considered in discrete time and at the aggregate level, i.e., for groups of pedestrians associated with the same origin-destination pair and departure time interval. The formulation is probabilistic, allowing to consider the stochasticity of demand. A key element is the use of the train timetable, and in particular of train arrival times, to capture demand peaks. A case study analysis of a Swiss train station underlines the practical applicability of the proposed framework. Compared to a classical estimator that ignores the notion of a train timetable, the gain in accuracy in terms of root-mean-square error is between 20% and 50%. More importantly, the incorporation of the train schedule allows for prediction when little or no data besides the timetable and ridership information is available. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2016.0723.},
keywords = {origin-destination matrix, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{jin-2017-cdyn,
title = {Large-scale pedestrian flow experiments under high-density conditions},
author = {Cheng-Jie Jin and Rui Jiang and S. Wong and Dawei Li and Ning Guo and Wei Wang},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
abstract = {Despite the vast amount of studies on pedestrian flow, the data concerning high densities are still very inadequate. We organize one large-scale pedestrian flow experiment on a ring corridor. With 278 participants, the density as high as 9 m^(-2) is reached. In the uni-directional flow, four different states are observed, including the free flow, congested state, over-congested state and hyper-congested state. The features of the hyper-congested state are similar to the "crowd turbulence" reported in the empirical data of Helbing et al., and the transition between the stopped state and the moving state can be found. The flow rates in the over-congested state are nearly constant, due to the downstream propagation of pedestrian clusters. In the bi-directional flow, three different types of lane formations are observed in the experiment: (1) three lanes are directly formed ; (2) two lanes are directly formed; (3) firstly three lanes are formed, and then they transit into two lanes. After the lane formation, some interesting phenomena have been observed, including the inhomogeneous distribution of pedestrians across the lanes, and the formation and dissipation of localized crowd. Our study is expected to help for better understanding and modeling the dynamics of high density pedestrian flow.},
keywords = {ants, bidirectional, density, experiment, unidirectional},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{kretz-2017-cdyn,
title = {Some Notes on Pedestrian Walking Speeds on Stairs},
author = {Tobias Kretz},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316430629_Some_Notes_on_Pedestrian_Walking_Speeds_on_Stairs},
doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.31539.02085},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
abstract = {This work combines a review and a research need statement part. In 
the review part some indications are collected that for the variation of 
walking speeds stride length is varied more than stride frequency. It is 
argued that this limits the variation of walking speeds on stairs where the 
stride length is fixed as long as one stair is taken at a time. Furthermore 
data from various sources is presented that indicates that for upstairs 
movement there is a limit for vertical speed stemming from general hu- 
man performance limits. This limit adds to the restriction of (up-)stairs 
walking speeds. 
The research need statement part of the paper demonstrates that a 
simulation of pedestrian dynamics predicts a smaller 
ow (and consequently larger evacuation times) if pedestrians have a different percentile 
regarding the speed distributions for 
at and stairs movement. This is 
an interesting phenomenon since a bottleneck is created which depends 
on the dynamic interplay between the walking geometry and properties 
of the population. It is therefore desirable to investigate the phenomenon 
not only with simulations but also empirically.},
howpublished = {working paper on ResearchGate},
keywords = {empirical, pedestrian, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{kruechten-2017-cdyn,
title = {Empirical study on social groups in pedestrian evacuation dynamics},
author = {Cornelia Krüchten and Andreas Schadschneider},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {475},
pages = {129--141},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Pedestrian crowds often include social groups, i.e. pedestrians that walk together because 
of social relationships. They show characteristic configurations and influence the dynamics 
of the entire crowd. In order to investigate the impact of social groups on evacuations 
we performed an empirical study with pupils. Several evacuation runs with groups of 
different sizes and different interactions were performed. New group parameters are 
introduced which allow to describe the dynamics of the groups and the configuration of 
the group members quantitatively. The analysis shows a possible decrease of evacuation 
times for large groups due to self-ordering effects. Social groups can be approximated as 
ellipses that orientate along their direction of motion. Furthermore, explicitly cooperative 
behaviour among group members leads to a stronger aggregation of group members and 
an intermittent way of evacuation.},
keywords = {evacuation, experiment, group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{kurtc-2017-cdyn,
title = {Automated Quality Assessment of Space-Continuous Models for Pedestrian Dynamics},
author = {Valentina Kurtc and Mohcine Chraibi and Antoine Tordeux},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.01862},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '17 (in press)},
abstract = {In this work we propose a methodology for assessment of pedestrian models 
continuous in space.With respect to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance between two 
data clouds, representing for instance simulated and the corresponding empirical 
data, we calculate an evaluation factor between zero and one. Based on the value of 
the herein developed factor, we make a statement about the goodness of the model 
under evaluation. Moreover this process can be repeated in an automatic way in 
order to maximize the above mentioned factor and hence determine the optimal set 
of model parameters.},
keywords = {fundamental diagram, pedestrian, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{li-2017b-cdyn,
title = {Effect of psychological tension on pedestrian counter flow via an extended cost potential field cellular automaton model},
author = {Xingli Li and Fang Guo and Hua Kuang and Huaguo Zhou},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2017.05.070},
issn = {0378-4371},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {487},
number = {Supplement C},
pages = {47--57},
abstract = {Psychology tells us that the different level of tension may lead to different behavior variation for individuals. In this paper, an extended cost potential field cellular automaton is proposed to simulate pedestrian counter flow under an emergency by considering behavior variation of pedestrian induced by psychological tension. A quantitative formula is introduced to describe behavioral changes caused by psychological tension, which also leads to the increasing cost of discomfort. The numerical simulations are performed under the periodic boundary condition and show that the presented model can capture some essential features of pedestrian counter flow, such as lane formation and segregation phenomenon for normal condition. Furthermore, an interesting feature is found that when pedestrians are in an extremely nervous state, a stable lane formation will be broken by a disordered mixture flow. The psychological nervousness under an emergency is not always negative to moving efficiency and a moderate level of tension will delay the occurrence of jamming phase. In addition, a larger asymmetrical ratio of left walkers to right walkers will improve the critical density related to the jamming phase and retard the occurrence of completely jammed phase. These findings will be helpful in pedestrian control and management under an emergency.},
keywords = {cellular automata, floor field, modeling, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{li-2017d-cdyn,
title = {Modeling, simulation and analysis of the evacuation process on stairs in a multi-floor classroom building of a primary school},
author = {W. Li and Y. Li and P. Yu and J. Gong and S. Shen and L. Huang and J. Liang},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2016.11.047},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {469},
pages = {157--172},
abstract = {Few studies have focused on the evacuation of multi-floor classroom buildings in a primary school, a process that differs from evacuations in other buildings. A stair-unit model was proposed to describe the spatial topology of twisting stairwells and to describe the spatial relationship between stairwells and floors. Based on the stair-unit model, a schedule-line model was proposed to calculate evacuation paths in stair-units; a modified algorithm to calculate pedestrian forces were proposed to describe the evacuee movements in stairwells; and a projection strategy was proposed to model the 3-dimensional evacuation process in multi-floor buildings. The simulated processes were compared with a real evacuation drill. The results showed that the simulated process achieved qualitative and quantitative consistencies with the real drill, proving the appropriateness of the proposed models and algorithms. Based on the validation, further simulations were conducted and a few rules for evacuations in stairwells were identified including rules governing the impact of the moment of entering a staircase, the number of students in a class, the stagger strategy, and the layout of grades on different floors on the time in stairwell and the total evacuation duration. The results can be used to mitigate the effects of a fire disaster, and the proposed models and algorithms can also be referenced by evacuation simulation for other multi-floor buildings such as residential buildings.},
keywords = {experiment, fire, model, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{lian-2017-cdyn,
title = {Pedestrian merging behavior analysis: An experimental study},
author = {Liping Lian and Xu Mai and Weiguo Song and Yuen Kwok Kit Richard and Ye Rui and Sha Jin},
doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.04.015},
issn = {0379-7112},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Fire Safety Journal},
volume = {91},
number = {Supplement C},
pages = {918--925},
abstract = {Merging flows involve complex interactions between pedestrians, which will restrict the efficiency of the evacuation process in emergency situations, such as fires. However, experimental research on merging behavior is limited. This paper describes pedestrian behavior in a merging channel where the branch flow joins the main flow at a junction area. The width of the main channel was fixed at 3.2m while the branch had a changeable value of 0.8m, 1.6m and 2.4m, respectively. Up to 295 university students took part in the experiments and all trajectories were extracted using the mean-shift algorithm. Lane formation was found downstream in the main channel and the increasing amplitude of the lane width formed by the branch flow became weaker with the increasing width of the branch channel. The saturated flow was approximately 4.9ped/s (1.5ped/m/s) and when the branch channel was 2.4m, the main and branch channel became mutual bottlenecks to each other. Moreover, microscopic characteristics of pedestrian interaction were analyzed. Velocity-position relationships with the 1.6m and 2.4m branch widths showed the velocity in the main channel decreased when pedestrians got close to the merging area and the velocity in the branch channel was suppressed significantly compared to that with the 0.8m branch. Density in the corner increased when the branch width increased and reached about 6ped/m2 when the branch width was 2.4m. What's more, pedestrian flow in the branch became jammed in this situation. The results can be used to calibrate pedestrian simulation models and improve public infrastructure design.},
note = {Fire Safety Science: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium},
keywords = {behavior, experiment, fire, flow, merging, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{lin-2017-cdyn,
title = {A numerical study of contact force in competitive evacuation},
author = {Peng Lin and Jian Ma and You-Ling Si and Fan-Yu Wu and Guo-Yuan Wang and Jian-Yu Wang},
url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1674-1056/26/i=10/a=104501},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Chinese Physics B},
volume = {26},
number = {10},
pages = {104501},
abstract = {Crowd force by the pushing or crushing of people has resulted in a number of accidents in recent decades. The aftermath investigations have shown that the physical interaction of a highly competitive crowd could produce dangerous pressure up to 4500 N/m, which leads to compressive asphyxia or even death. In this paper, a numerical model based on discrete element method (DEM) as referenced from granular flow was proposed to model the evacuation process of a group of highly competitive people, in which the movement of people follows Newton's second law and the body deformation due to compression follows Hertz contact model. The study shows that the clogs occur periodically and flow rate fluctuates greatly if all people strive to pass through a narrow exit at high enough desired velocity. Two types of contact forces acting on people are studied. The first one, i.e., vector contact force, accounts for the movement of the people following Newton's second law. The second one, i.e., scale contact force, accounts for the physical deformation of the human body following the contact law. Simulation shows that the forces chain in crowd flow is turbulent and fragile. A few narrow zones with intense forces are observed in the force field, which is similar to the strain localization observed in granular flow. The force acting on a person could be as high as 4500 N due to force localization, which may be the root cause of compressive asphyxia of people in many crowd incidents.},
keywords = {contact forces, discrete element},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ma-2017-cdyn,
title = {Experimental study on small group behavior and crowd dynamics in a tall office building evacuation},
author = {Y. Ma and L. Li and H. Zhang and T. Chen},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2017.01.032},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {473},
pages = {488--500},
abstract = {Few studies have focused on the evacuation of multi-floor classroom buildings in a primary school, a process that differs from evacuations in other buildings. A stair-unit model was proposed to describe the spatial topology of twisting stairwells and to describe the spatial relationship between stairwells and floors. Based on the stair-unit model, a schedule-line model was proposed to calculate evacuation paths in stair-units; a modified algorithm to calculate pedestrian forces were proposed to describe the evacuee movements in stairwells; and a projection strategy was proposed to model the 3-dimensional evacuation process in multi-floor buildings. The simulated processes were compared with a real evacuation drill. The results showed that the simulated process achieved qualitative and quantitative consistencies with the real drill, proving the appropriateness of the proposed models and algorithms. Based on the validation, further simulations were conducted and a few rules for evacuations in stairwells were identified including rules governing the impact of the moment of entering a staircase, the number of students in a class, the stagger strategy, and the layout of grades on different floors on the time in stairwell and the total evacuation duration. The results can be used to mitigate the effects of a fire disaster, and the proposed models and algorithms can also be referenced by evacuation simulation for other multi-floor buildings such as residential buildings.},
note = {cited By 0},
keywords = {experiment, fire, group, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{mansour-2017-cdyn,
title = {Crowd flow completion from partial spatial observations using kernel DMD},
author = {H. Mansour and M. Benosman and V. Huroyan},
doi = {10.1109/SAMPTA.2017.8024350},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Sampling Theory and Applications (SampTA)},
pages = {451--455},
abstract = {In this paper, we address the problem of 
estimating the total flow of a crowd of pedestrians from 
spatially limited observations. Our approach relies on 
identifying a dynamical system regime that characterizes 
the observed flow in a limited spatial domain by solving for 
the modes and eigenvalues of the corresponding Koopman 
operator. We develop a framework where we first approximate 
the Koopman operator by computing the kernel 
dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) operator for different 
flow regimes using fully observed training data. We then 
pose flow completion as a least squares problem constrained 
by the one step evolution of the kernel DMD operator. We 
present numerical experiments with simulated pedestrian 
flows and demonstrate that the proposed approach succeeds 
in completing the flow from limited spatial observations.},
keywords = {crowd, flow, koopman},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@conference{zoennchen-2017-cdyn,
title = {Towards faster navigation algorithms on floor fields},
author = {Benedikt Zönnchen and Matthias Laubinger and Gerta Köster},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {In Traffic and Granular Flow '17},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@conference{koster-2017-cdyn,
title = {Investigating passengers' seating behavior in suburban trains},
author = {Gerta Köster and Jakob Schöttl and Michael J Seitz.},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {In Traffic and Granular Flow'17},
keywords = {peddyngroup, rail},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@phdthesis{dietrich-2017,
title = {Data-Driven Surrogate Models for Dynamical Systems},
author = {Felix Dietrich},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
address = {München},
school = {Technische Universität München},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@article{bandini-2017-cdyn,
title = {An Approach for Managing Heterogeneous Speed Profiles in Cellular Automata Pedestrian Models},
author = {Stefania Bandini and Luca Crociani and Guiseppe Vizzari},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Cellular Automata},
volume = {12},
number = {5},
pages = {401--421},
abstract = {Pedestrian simulation models based on Cellular Automata are viable alternatives to particle based approaches, employing a continuous spatial representation. The effects of discretisation, however, also imply some difficulties in modelling phenomena observed in reality. This paper focuses on the possibility to manage heterogeneity in the walking speed of the simulated population of pedestrians by modifying an existing model extending the floor field approach. Whereas some discrete models allow pedestrians (or cars, when applied to traffic modelling) to move more than a single cell per time step, the present work proposes a maximum speed of one cell per step, but we model lower speeds by having pedestrians yielding their movement in some turns. Different classes of pedestrians are associated to different desired walking speeds and a stochastic mechanism is defined to ensure that they maintain an average speed close to the desired one. The paper formally describes the model and the results of its application in benchmark scenarios. Finally, the paper shows how this approach can also support the definition of slopes and stairs as elements reducing the walking speed of pedestrians climbing them in a simulated scenario.},
keywords = {cellular automata, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{bangate-2017-cdyn,
title = {SOLACE a multi-agent model of human behaviour driven by social attachment during seismic crisis},
author = {Julius Batildengate and Julie Dugdale and Elise Beck and Carole Adam},
doi = {10.1109/ICT-DM.2017.8275676},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {2017 4th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Disaster Management (ICT-DM)},
pages = {1--9},
abstract = {Human behaviour during crisis is social in nature. Affiliation, activated by threat, results in individuals seeking the proximity of attachment figures (i.e. family members, friends, colleagues, strangers, social groups, familiar places, and objects). This affects the actions, directions, and speeds adopted by individuals seeking safe areas. This paper presents SOLACE, a multi-agent model of human behaviour during seismic crisis based on social attachment theory. SOLACE is an attempt to show the effect of social attachment on the number of victims, and the time that it takes, to reach a safe area; this increases the realism in evacuation modelling. Real-geographic data are used to define the spatial context of the crisis environment, delimit mobility with barriers (e.g. buildings, debris), and constrain movement to freespace. A belief, desire, and intention (BDI) approach was adopted to integrate social bonds in human agent interaction and mobility. Initial results include realism in: (1) the synthetic crisis environment indicated by a power law distribution of earthquake effects: (a) intensities on buildings and shaking felt by human agents, and (b) evacuation delay, (2) agent movement and interaction (e.g. parent with child) influencing speed of evacuation.},
keywords = {agents, attachment theory, behavior, evacuation, modeling, pedestrian, psychology, simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{bisagno-2017-cdyn,
title = {Data-Driven crowd simulation},
author = {Niccoló Bisagno and Nicola Conci and Bo Zhang},
doi = {10.1109/AVSS.2017.8078494},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {14th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance},
pages = {1--6},
keywords = {machine learning, social forces},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{bode-2017-cdyn,
title = {Using Hidden Markov Models to characterise intermittent social behaviour in fish shoals},
author = {Nikolai W. F. Bode and Michael J. Seitz},
doi = {10.1007/s00114-017-1534-9},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {The Science of Nature},
volume = {105},
number = {1},
pages = {7},
abstract = {The movement of animals in groups is widespread in nature. Understanding this phenomenon presents an important problem in ecology with many applications that range from conservation to robotics. Underlying all group movements are interactions between individual animals and it is therefore crucial to understand the mechanisms of this social behaviour. To date, despite promising methodological developments, there are few applications to data of practical statistical techniques that inferentially investigate the extent and nature of social interactions in group movement. We address this gap by demonstrating the usefulness of a Hidden Markov Model approach to characterise individual-level social movement in published trajectory data on three-spined stickleback shoals (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and novel data on guppy shoals (Poecilia reticulata). With these models, we formally test for speed-mediated social interactions and verify that they are present. We further characterise this inferred social behaviour and find that despite the substantial shoal-level differences in movement dynamics between species, it is qualitatively similar in guppies and sticklebacks. It is intermittent, occurring in varying numbers of individuals at different time points. The speeds of interacting fish follow a bimodal distribution, indicating that they are either stationary or move at a preferred mean speed, and social fish with more social neighbours move at higher speeds, on average. Our findings and methodology present steps towards characterising social behaviour in animal groups.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{bosina-2017-cdyn,
title = {Estimating pedestrian speed using aggregated literature data},
author = {Ernst Bosina and Ulrich Weidmann},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2016.09.044},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {468},
pages = {1--29},
abstract = {Since about 80 years, human walking speed has been measured for different purposes. The comparability of the results of these measurements is low, as the walking speed is influenced by a vast amount of parameters and no standardised measurement conditions exist. This work describes the most important factors influencing walking speed based on existing literature and estimates their impact. For this purpose, all walking speed measurements available in the literature were collected and reviewed. Using this data, the parameter values for different influences were computed and grouped according to their strength, which enables to determine the most important measurement parameters in future walking speed experiments. In addition, standardised measurement conditions are proposed which would provide a baseline for future studies and thus enhance their scientific value. For each of these conditions average walking speeds are calculated and the significance of the walking speed differences was determined.},
keywords = {pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{chen-2017b-cdyn,
title = {Socially aware motion planning with deep reinforcement learning},
author = {Yu Fan Chen and Michael Everett and Miao Liu and Jonathan P. How},
doi = {10.1109/IROS.2017.8202312},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
abstract = {For robotic vehicles to navigate safely and efficiently in pedestrian-rich environments, it is important to model subtle human behaviors and navigation rules (e.g., passing on the right). However, while instinctive to humans, socially compliant navigation is still difficult to quantify due to the stochasticity in people's behaviors. Existing works are mostly focused on using feature-matching techniques to describe and imitate human paths, but often do not generalize well since the feature values can vary from person to person, and even run to run. This work notes that while it is challenging to directly specify the details of what to do (precise mechanisms of human navigation), it is straightforward to specify what not to do (violations of social norms). Specifically, using deep reinforcement learning, this work develops a time-efficient navigation policy that respects common social norms. The proposed method is shown to enable fully autonomous navigation of a robotic vehicle moving at human walking speed in an environment with many pedestrians.},
keywords = {deep learning, navigation, pedestrian, reinforcement learning, robotics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{crociani-2017-cdyn,
title = {Micro and Macro Pedestrian Dynamics in Counterflow: the Impact of Social Groups},
author = {Luca Crociani and Andrea Gorrini and Claudio Feliciani and Giuseppe Vizzari and Katsuhiro Nishinari and Stefania Bandini},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.08225},
year  = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {arXiv},
abstract = {Although it is widely recognised that the presence of groups influences microscopic and aggregated pedestrian dynamics, a precise characterisation of the phenomenon still calls for evidences and insights. The present paper describes micro and macro level original analyses on data characterising pedestrian behaviour in presence of counter-flows and grouping, in particular dyads, acquired through controlled experiments. Results suggest that the presence of dyads and their tendency to walk in a line-abreast formation influences the formation of lanes and, in turn, aggregated observables, such as overall specific flow.},
keywords = {density, empirical, flow, group, macroscopic, microscopic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{seitz-2016b,
title = {The superposition principle: A conceptual perspective on pedestrian stream simulations},
author = {Michael J Seitz and Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster and Hans-Joachim Bungartz},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2016.2},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
volume = {1},
pages = {A2},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{sivers-2016d,
title = {Modelling social identification and helping in evacuation simulation},
author = {Isabella von Sivers and Anne Templeton and Florian Künzner and Gerta Köster and John Drury and Andrew Philippides and Tobias Neckel and Hans-Joachim Bungartz},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2016.07.001},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {89},
pages = {288--300},
abstract = {Social scientists have criticised computer models of pedestrian streams for their treatment of psychological 
crowds as mere aggregations of individuals. Indeed most models for evacuation dynamics use analogies 
from physics where pedestrians are considered as particles. Although this ensures that the results of 
the simulation match important physical phenomena, such as the deceleration of the crowd with 
increasing density, social phenomena such as group processes are ignored. In particular, people in a 
crowd have social identities and share those social identities with the others in the crowd. The process 
of self categorisation determines norms within the crowd and influences how people will behave in 
evacuation situations. We formulate the application of social identity in pedestrian simulation 
algorithmically. The goal is to examine whether it is possible to carry over the psychological model to 
computer models of pedestrian motion so that simulation results correspond to observations from crowd 
psychology. That is, we quantify and formalise empirical research on and verbal descriptions of the effect 
of group identity on behaviour. We use uncertainty quantification to analyse the model's behaviour when 
we vary crucial model parameters. In this first approach we restrict ourselves to a specific scenario that 
was thoroughly investigated by crowd psychologists and where some quantitative data is available: the 
bombing and subsequent evacuation of a London underground tube carriage on July 7th 2005.},
keywords = {forward propagation, peddyngroup, pedestrian, polynomial chaos, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@mastersthesis{schoettl-2016,
title = {Modelling passengers' seating behavior for simulations of pedestrian dynamics},
author = {Jakob Schöttl},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
school = {Munich University of Applied Sciences},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
@article{seitz-2016c,
title = {How cognitive heuristics can explain social interactions in spatial movement},
author = {Michael J Seitz and Nikolai W F Bode and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1098/rsif.2016.0439},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Society Interface},
volume = {13},
number = {121},
pages = {20160439},
keywords = {heuristics, peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@phdthesis{seitz-2016,
title = {Simulating pedestrian dynamics: Towards natural locomotion and psychological decision making},
author = {Michael J Seitz},
url = {https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/?id=1293050},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
address = {Munich, Germany},
school = {Technische Universität München},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@inproceedings{koster-2015-cdyn,
title = {Is slowing down enough to model movement on stairs?},
author = {Gerta Köster and Daniel Lehmberg and Felix Dietrich},
editor = {Victor L Knoop and Winnie Daamen},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '15},
pages = {35--42},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Nootdorp, the Netherlands},
abstract = {There are many well validated models of pedestrian movement on a flat 
surface. This is not the case for movement on stairs. Experiments show that pedestrians 
slow down when climbing or descending stairs. Hence, it is tempting to model 
movement on stairs by simply slowing down by a factor. But this would imply that, 
other than being slower, motion on stairs mirrors motion in the plane. Is that assumption 
justified? We conduct field observations that reveal similarities but also 
significant differences. Thus we argue that modeling movement on stairs by slowing 
down free-flow velocities may be an acceptable first shot. True microscopic 
behavior, however, like treading from step to step and keeping to a straight line instead 
of trying to overtake can only be captured by a dedicated model. We present 
an extension to the Optimal Steps Model that achieves this.},
note = {27--30 October 2015},
keywords = {fundamental diagram, modeling, peddyngroup, pedestrian, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{koster-2015b-cdyn,
title = {A Queuing Model Based On Social Attitudes},
author = {Gerta Köster and Benedikt Zönnchen},
editor = {Victor L Knoop and Winnie Daamen},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-33482-0},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '15},
pages = {193--200},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Nootdorp, the Netherlands},
abstract = {Modern pedestrian simulation models have to deal with queuing to obtain 
realistic results. Queues control the number of pedestrians entering or leaving an 
area and, through this, the number of pedestrians inside that area. Furthermore they 
impede passing pedestrians. But how do humans decide on a queuing strategy? And 
how does this effect the form of the emerging queue? Based on dynamic floor fields 
for navigation and a simple heuristic decision mechanism we present a computer 
model that is able to capture different queuing patterns that we observe in every day 
life. For this we assume that there are two basic attitudes, aggressive competition 
and cooperative getting in line. Pedestrians can switch between these strategies.},
note = {27--30 October 2015},
keywords = {decision, fast marching method, floor field, modeling, navigation, peddyngroup, pedestrian, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{sivers-2016d-cdyn,
title = {Modelling social identification and helping in evacuation simulation},
author = {Isabella Katharina Maximiliana von Sivers and Anne Templeton and Florian Künzner and Gerta Köster and John Drury and Tobias Philippides Andrew andNeckel and Hans-Joachim Bungartz},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2016.07.001},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {89},
pages = {288--300},
abstract = {Social scientists have criticised computer models of pedestrian streams for their treatment of psychological 
crowds as mere aggregations of individuals. Indeed most models for evacuation dynamics use analogies 
from physics where pedestrians are considered as particles. Although this ensures that the results of 
the simulation match important physical phenomena, such as the deceleration of the crowd with 
increasing density, social phenomena such as group processes are ignored. In particular, people in a 
crowd have social identities and share those social identities with the others in the crowd. The process 
of self categorisation determines norms within the crowd and influences how people will behave in 
evacuation situations. We formulate the application of social identity in pedestrian simulation 
algorithmically. The goal is to examine whether it is possible to carry over the psychological model to 
computer models of pedestrian motion so that simulation results correspond to observations from crowd 
psychology. That is, we quantify and formalise empirical research on and verbal descriptions of the effect 
of group identity on behaviour. We use uncertainty quantification to analyse the model's behaviour when 
we vary crucial model parameters. In this first approach we restrict ourselves to a specific scenario that 
was thoroughly investigated by crowd psychologists and where some quantitative data is available: the 
bombing and subsequent evacuation of a London underground tube carriage on July 7th 2005.},
keywords = {forward propagation, peddyngroup, pedestrian, polynomial chaos, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{seitz-2016c-cdyn,
title = {How cognitive heuristics can explain social interactions in spatial movement},
author = {Michael J Seitz and Nikolai W F Bode and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1098/rsif.2016.0439},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Society Interface},
volume = {13},
number = {121},
pages = {20160439},
keywords = {heuristics, peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{seitz-2015b-cdyn,
title = {How do we wait? Fundamentals, characteristics, and modeling implications},
author = {Michael J Seitz and Stefan Seer and Silvia Klettner and Gerta Köster and Oliver Handel},
editor = {Victor L Knoop and Winnie Daamen},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-33482-0},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '15},
pages = {217-224},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Nootdorp, the Netherlands},
note = {27--30 October 2015},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{seitz-2016b-cdyn,
title = {The superposition principle: A conceptual perspective on pedestrian stream simulations},
author = {Michael J Seitz and Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster and Hans-Joachim Bungartz},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2016.2},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
volume = {1},
pages = {A2},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{sivers-2015b-cdyn,
title = {How do people search: a modelling perspective},
author = {Isabella von Sivers and Michael Jakob Seitz and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-32152-3_45},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics, 11th International Conference, PPAM 2015, Krakow, Poland, September 6-9, 2015. Revised Selected Papers, Part II},
volume = {9574},
pages = {487--496},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{sivers-2015c-cdyn,
title = {Modelling stride length and stepping frequency},
author = {Isabella von Sivers and Gerta Köster and Benedikt Kleinmeier},
editor = {Victor L Knoop and Winnie Daamen},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-33482-0},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '15},
pages = {113--120},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
note = {27--30 October 2015},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@conference{zoennchen-2016-cdyn,
title = {Detecting Arbitrarily Shaped Queues Using the Fast Marching Method},
author = {Benedikt Zönnchen and Gerta Köster},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (PED2016)},
address = {Hefei, China},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@conference{dietrich-2016-cdyn,
title = {Surrogate Models for Bottleneck Scenarios},
author = {Felix Dietrich and Florian Albrecht and Gerta Köster},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (PED2016)},
address = {Hefei, China},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{dietrich-2016b-cdyn,
title = {Numerical Model Construction with Closed Observables},
author = {Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster and Hans-Joachim Bungartz},
doi = {10.1137/15M1043613},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {2078--2108},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{koster-2016-cdyn,
title = {Reducing Cognitive Overhead: Evacuation of a Beer Tent in Virtual Reality},
author = {Gerta Köster and Florian Sesser and Angelika Kneidl},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (PED2016)},
address = {Hefei, China},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{sivers-2016-cdyn,
title = {Modelling social identification and helping in evacuation simulation},
author = {Isabella von Sivers and Anne Templeton and Florian Künzner and Gerta Köster and John Drury and Andrew Philippides and Tobias Neckel and Hans-Joachim Bungartz},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1602.00805},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {arXiv},
volume = {1602.00805},
number = {v1},
abstract = {Social scientists have criticised computer models of pedestrian streams for 
their treatment of psychological crowds as mere aggregations of individuals. 
Indeed most models for evacuation dynamics use analogies from physics where 
pedestrians are considered as particles. Although this ensures that the results 
of the simulation match important physical phenomena, such as the deceleration 
of the crowd with increasing density, social phenomena such as group processes 
are ignored. In particular, people in a crowd have social identities and share 
those social identities with the others in the crowd. The process of self 
categorisation determines norms within the crowd and influences how people will 
behave in evacuation situations. We formulate the application of social 
identity in pedestrian simulation algorithmically. The goal is to examine 
whether it is possible to carry over the psychological model to computer models 
of pedestrian motion so that simulation results correspond to observations from 
crowd psychology. That is, we quantify and formalise empirical research on and 
verbal descriptions of the effect of group identity on behaviour. We use 
uncertainty quantification to analyse the model's behaviour when we vary 
crucial model parameters. In this first approach we restrict ourselves to a 
specific scenario that was thoroughly investigated by crowd psychologists and 
where some quantitative data is available: the bombing and subsequent 
evacuation of a London underground tube carriage on July 7th 2005.},
note = {submitted to Safety Science},
keywords = {peddyngroup, polynomial chaos, psychology, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{sivers-2016c-cdyn,
title = {Pedestrian Evacuation Simulation with Separated Families},
author = {Isabella von Sivers and Florian Künzner and Gerta Köster},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (PED2016)},
address = {Hefei, China},
abstract = {Crowds are composed of both single persons and small to large groups of people. A family can 
be considered a special group within a crowd because of its unique behaviour. While families may become 
separated at the beginning of an emergency situation, they tend to evacuate the situation together. That is, 
according to ndings in psychology, family members search for each other and evacuate once they are reunited. 
However, it is not exceptional that families are separated at the beginning of an emergency. According to 
psychological ndings, family members search for each other and evacuate after they are reunited. The model 
presented in this paper transfers these ndings into pedestrian evacuation simulation. We describe how we 
model the behaviour of separated families and qualitatively validate the model. With the help of uncertainty 
quantication and Sobol indices, we analyse the impact of three uncertain parameters of the model on the 
evacuation times: the percentage of family members in the crowd, the speed at which parents search for their 
children, and the speed of the children evacuating with their parents. As a result, we can show that it is vital 
to consider families in evacuation simulation to better estimate of the evacuation times.},
keywords = {peddyngroup, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@phdthesis{,
title = {Modellierung sozialpsychologischer Faktoren in Personenstromsimulationen},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
address = {München},
school = {Technische Universität München},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@phdthesis{seitz-2016b,
title = {Simulating pedestrian dynamics},
author = {Michael J Seitz},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
address = {München},
school = {Technische Universität München},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@article{adam-2016-cdyn,
title = {BDI agents in social simulations: A survey},
author = {C. Adam and B. Gaudou},
doi = {10.1017/S0269888916000096},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Knowledge Engineering Review},
volume = {31},
number = {3},
pages = {207--238},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
abstract = {Modelling and simulation have long been dominated by equation-based approaches, until the recent advent of agent-based approaches. To curb the resulting complexity of models, Axelrod promoted the KISS principle: 'Keep It Simple, Stupid'. But the community is divided and a new principle appeared: KIDS, 'Keep It Descriptive, Stupid'. Richer models were thus developed for a variety of phenomena, while agent cognition still tends to be modelled with simple reactive particle-like agents. This is not always appropriate, in particular in the social sciences trying to account for the complexity of human behaviour. One solution is to model humans as belief, desire and intention (BDI) agents, an expressive paradigm using concepts from folk psychology, making it easier for modellers and users to understand the simulation. This paper provides a methodological guide to the use of BDI agents in social simulations, and an overview of existing methodologies and tools for using them.},
keywords = {agent-based, behavior, intentions, modeling, simulation, social psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{alqahtani-2016-cdyn,
title = {Australian Hajj pilgrims' perception about mass casualty incidents versus emerging infections at Hajj},
author = {Amani S. Alqahtani and Kaoruko Yamazaki and Wejdan H. Alqahtani and Mohamed Tashani and Anita E. Heywood and Robert Booy and Kerrie E. Wiley and Harunor Rashid},
doi = {10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.11.002},
issn = {1477-8939},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease},
volume = {15},
pages = {81--83},
abstract = {The risk of fatality from incidents in religious mass gatherings (MGs), including Hajj, is five times higher than that of other MGs [1]. Over the last four decades ten major stampedes (with $geq$100 fatalities) have occurred at Hajj (Table 1); it is believed that, a crane collapse and a stampede disaster during the Hajj 2015 killed over 2000 people [2]. Despite the frequent occurrence of mass disasters at Hajj, pilgrims' awareness and concern about these incidents have not been previously explored. This study assessed Australian pilgrims' risk perception of mass disasters compared to that of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Ebola during the Hajj 2014 and 2015.},
keywords = {crowd, empirical, measurements, medicine, safety},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{briani-2016-cdyn,
title = {Sensitivity analysis of the LWR model for traffic forecast on large networks using Wasserstein distance},
author = {Maya Briani and Emiliano Cristiani and Elisa Iacomini},
doi = {10.4310/CMS.2018.v16.n1.a6},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Communications in mathematical sciences},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {123--144},
abstract = {In this paper we investigate the sensitivity of the LWR model on network to its parameters and to the network itself. The quantification of sensitivity is obtained by measuring the Wasserstein distance between two LWR solutions corresponding to different inputs. To this end, we propose a numerical method to approximate the Wasserstein distance between two density distributions defined on a network. We found a large sensitivity to the traffic distribution at junctions, the network size, and the network topology.},
keywords = {sensitivity analysis, traffic, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{crociani-2016b-cdyn,
title = {Route choice in pedestrian simulation: Design and evaluation of a model based on empirical observations},
author = {Luca Crociani and Giuseppe Vizzari and Daichi Yanagisawa and Katsuhiro Nishinari and Stefania Bandini},
doi = {10.3233/IA-160102},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Intelligenza Artificiale},
volume = {10},
pages = {163-182},
keywords = {control, crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{duives-2016-cdyn,
title = {Continuum modelling of pedestrian flows - Part 2: Sensitivity analysis featuring crowd movement phenomena},
author = {Dorine C. Duives and Winnie Daamen and Serge P. Hoogendoorn},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2015.11.025},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {447},
pages = {36--48},
abstract = {In recent years numerous pedestrian simulation tools have been developed that can support crowd managers and government officials in their tasks. New technologies to monitor pedestrian flows are in dire need of models that allow for rapid state-estimation. Many contemporary pedestrian simulation tools model the movements of pedestrians at a microscopic level, which does not provide an exact solution. Macroscopic models capture the fundamental characteristics of the traffic state at a more aggregate level, and generally have a closed form solution which is necessary for rapid state estimation for traffic management purposes. This contribution presents a next step in the calibration and validation of the macroscopic continuum model detailed in Hoogendoorn et al. (2014). The influence of global and local route choice on the development of crowd movement phenomena, such as dissipation, lane-formation and stripe-formation, is studied. This study shows that most self-organization phenomena and behavioural trends only develop under very specific conditions, and as such can only be simulated using specific parameter sets. Moreover, all crowd movement phenomena can be reproduced by means of the continuum model using one parameter set. This study concludes that the incorporation of local route choice behaviour and the balancing of the aptitude of pedestrians with respect to their own class and other classes are both essential in the correct prediction of crowd movement dynamics.},
keywords = {macroscopic, pedestrian, sensitivity analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{feliciani-2016b-cdyn,
title = {Empirical analysis of the lane formation process in bidirectional pedestrian flow},
author = {Claudio Feliciani and Katsuhiro Nishinari},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.94.032304},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Phys. Rev. E},
volume = {94},
issue = {3},
pages = {032304},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
abstract = {This paper presents an experimental study on pedestrian bidirectional streams and the mechanisms leading to spontaneous lane formation by examining the flow formed by two groups of people walking toward each other in a mock corridor. Flow ratio is changed by changing each group size while maintaining comparable total flow and density. By tracking the trajectories of each pedestrian and analyzing the data obtained, five different phases were recognized as contributing to the transition from unidirectional to bidirectional flow including the spontaneous creation and dissolution of lanes. It has been shown that a statistical treatment is required to understand the fundamental characteristics of pedestrian dynamics and some two-dimensional quantities such as order parameter and rotation range were introduced to allow a more complete analysis. All the quantities observed showed a clear relationship with flow ratio and helped distinguishing between the different characteristic phases of the experiment. Results show that balanced bidirectional flow becomes the most stable configuration after lanes are formed, but the lane creation process requires pedestrians to laterally move to a largest extent compared to low flow-ratio configurations. This finding allows us to understand the reasons why balanced bidirectional flow is efficient at low densities, but quickly leads to deadlock formation at high densities.},
keywords = {bidirectional, experiment, lane formation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{nguyen-2016-cdyn,
title = {Obstacle avoiding patterns and cohesiveness of fish school},
author = {Linh Thi Hoai Nguyen and Vi^et T^on Ta and Atsushi Yagi},
doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.07.017},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
volume = {406},
pages = {116--123},
abstract = {This paper is devoted to studying obstacle avoiding patterns and cohesiveness of fish school. First, we introduce a model of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) for describing the process of fish school's obstacle avoidance. Second, on the basis of the model we find obstacle avoiding patterns. Our observations show that there are clear four obstacle avoiding patterns, namely, Rebound, Pullback, Pass and Reunion, and Separation. Furthermore, the emerging patterns change when parameters change. Finally, we present a scientific definition for fish school's cohesiveness that will be an internal property characterizing the strength of fish schooling. There are then evidences that the school cohesiveness can be measured through obstacle avoiding patterns.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{shayegh-2016-cdyn,
title = {Listen to the band! How sound can realize group identity and enact intergroup domination},
author = {John Shayegh and John Drury and Clifford Stevenson},
doi = {10.1111/bjso.12175},
issn = {2044-8309},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Social Psychology},
abstract = {Recent research suggests that sound appraisal can be moderated by social identity. We validate this finding, and also extend it, by examining the extent to which sound can also be understood as instrumental in intergroup relations. We interviewed nine members of a Catholic enclave in predominantly Protestant East Belfast about their experiences of an outgroup (Orange Order) parade, where intrusive sound was a feature. Participants reported experiencing the sounds as a manifestation of the Orange Order identity and said that it made them feel threatened and anxious because they felt it was targeted at them by the outgroup (e.g., through aggressive volume increases). There was also evidence that the sounds produced community disempowerment, which interviewees explicitly linked to the invasiveness of the music. Some interviewees described organizing to collectively drown out the bands sounds, an activity which appeared to be uplifting. These findings develop the elaborated social identity model of empowerment, by showing that intergroup struggle and collective self-objectification can operate through sound as well as through physical actions.},
keywords = {ants, group, social identity},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{sivers-2016d-cdynb,
title = {Modelling social identification and helping in evacuation simulation},
author = {Isabella Katharina Maximiliana Sivers and Anne Templeton and Florian Künzner and Gerta Köster and John Drury and Tobias Andrew andNeckel Philippides and Hans-Joachim Bungartz},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2016.07.001},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {89},
pages = {288--300},
abstract = {Social scientists have criticised computer models of pedestrian streams for their treatment of psychological 
crowds as mere aggregations of individuals. Indeed most models for evacuation dynamics use analogies 
from physics where pedestrians are considered as particles. Although this ensures that the results of 
the simulation match important physical phenomena, such as the deceleration of the crowd with 
increasing density, social phenomena such as group processes are ignored. In particular, people in a 
crowd have social identities and share those social identities with the others in the crowd. The process 
of self categorisation determines norms within the crowd and influences how people will behave in 
evacuation situations. We formulate the application of social identity in pedestrian simulation 
algorithmically. The goal is to examine whether it is possible to carry over the psychological model to 
computer models of pedestrian motion so that simulation results correspond to observations from crowd 
psychology. That is, we quantify and formalise empirical research on and verbal descriptions of the effect 
of group identity on behaviour. We use uncertainty quantification to analyse the model's behaviour when 
we vary crucial model parameters. In this first approach we restrict ourselves to a specific scenario that 
was thoroughly investigated by crowd psychologists and where some quantitative data is available: the 
bombing and subsequent evacuation of a London underground tube carriage on July 7th 2005.},
keywords = {forward propagation, pedestrian, polynomial chaos, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{vonkruechten-2016-cdyn,
title = {Empirical Study of the Influence of Social Groups in Evacuation Scenarios},
author = {Cornelia Krüchten and Frank Müller and Anton Svachiy and Oliver Wohak and Andreas Schadschneider},
editor = {Victor L. Knoop and Winnie Daamen},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-33482-0_9},
isbn = {978-3-319-33482-0},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '15},
pages = {65--72},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Cham},
abstract = {The effects of social groups on pedestrian dynamics, especially in evacuation scenarios, have attracted some interest recently. However, due to the lack of reliable empirical data, most of the studies focussed on modelling aspects. It was shown that social groups can have a considerable effect, e.g. on evacuation times. In order to test the model predictions we have performed laboratory experiments of evacuations with different types and sizes of the social groups. The experiments have been performed with pupils of different ages. Parameters that have been considered are (1) group size, (2) strength of intra-group interactions, and (3) composition of the groups (young adults, children, and mixtures). For all the experiments high-quality trajectories for all participants have been obtained using the PeTrack software. This allows for a detailed analysis of the group effects. One surprising observation is a decrease of the evacuation time with increasing group size.},
keywords = {evacuation, experiment, groups, pedestrian, social},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{was-2016-cdyn,
title = {Agent-based approach and cellular automata - a promising perspective in crowd dynamics modeling?},
author = {Jarosław Was and Jakub Porzycki and Robert Lubaś and Janusz Miller and Grzegorz Bazior},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Acta Physica Polonica B},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
keywords = {cellular automata},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{wijermans-2016-cdyn,
title = {A landscape of crowd-management support: An integrative approach},
author = {Nanda Wijermans and Claudine Conrado and Maarten Steen and Claudio Martella and Jie Li},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2016.02.027},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {86},
pages = {142--164},
abstract = {Of the many crowd behavior models, very few have been used in assisting crowd management practice. This lack of usage is partly due to crowd management involving a diversity of situations that require competencies in observing, sense-making, anticipating and acting. Crowd research is similarly scattered across disciplines and needs integration to advance the field towards supporting practice. To address these needs, we present inCrowd, an integrated framework detailing a high-level architecture of a decision-support system for crowd management and model development. It also offers a lens for categorizing crowd literature, allowing us to present a structured literature review.},
keywords = {architecture, crowd, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{xiao-2016-cdyn,
title = {A pedestrian flow model considering the impact of local density: Voronoi diagram based heuristics approach},
author = {Yao Xiao and Ziyou Gao and Yunchao Qu and Xingang Li},
doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2016.05.012},
issn = {0968-090X},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {68},
pages = {566--580},
abstract = {Local density, which is an indicator for comfortable moving of a pedestrian, is rarely considered in traditional force based and heuristics based pedestrian flow models. However, comfortable moving is surely a demand of pedestrian in normal situations. Recently, Voronoi diagram had been successfully adopted to obtain the local density of a pedestrian in empirical studies. In this paper, Voronoi diagram is introduced into the heuristics based pedestrian flow model. It provides not only local density but also other information for determining moving velocity and direction. Those information include personal space, safe distance, neighbors, and three elementary characteristics directions. Several typical scenarios are set up to verify the proposed model. The simulation results show that the velocity-density relations and capacities of bottleneck are consistent with the empirical data, and many self-organization phenomena, i.e., arching phenomenon and lane formation, are also reproduced. The pedestrians are likely to be homogeneously distributed when they are sensitive to local density, otherwise pedestrians are non-uniformly distributed and the stop-and-go waves are likely to be reproduced. Such results indicate that the Voronoi diagram is a promising tool in modeling pedestrian dynamics.},
keywords = {delaunay triangulation, density, empirical, flow, modeling, pedestrian, voronoi diagram},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zhang-2016-cdyn,
title = {Level-of-Service Based Hierarchical Feedback Control Method of Network-Wide Pedestrian Flow},
author = {Zhe Zhang and Limin Jia and Yong Qin},
doi = {10.1155/2016/9617890},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Mathematical Problems in Engineering},
volume = {2016},
pages = {1-14},
keywords = {control, crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{seitz-2016c-cdynb,
title = {How cognitive heuristics can explain social interactions in spatial movement},
author = {Michael J. Seitz and Nikolai W. F. Bode and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1098/rsif.2016.0439},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Society Interface},
volume = {13},
number = {121},
pages = {20160439},
keywords = {heuristics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{gazzola-2016-cdyn,
title = {Learning to school in the presence of hydrodynamic interactions},
author = {M. Gazzola and A. A. Tchieu and D. Alexeev and A. Brauer and P. Koumoutsakos},
doi = {10.1017/jfm.2015.686},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
volume = {789},
pages = {726--749},
abstract = {Schooling, an archetype of collective behaviour, emerges from the interactions of fish responding to sensory information mediated by their aqueous environment. A fundamental and largely unexplored question in fish schooling concerns the role of hydrodynamics. Here, we investigate this question by modelling swimmers as vortex dipoles whose interactions are governed by the Biot-Savart law. When we enhance these dipoles with behavioural rules from classical agent-based models, we find that they do not lead robustly to schooling because of flow-mediated interactions. We therefore propose to use swimmers equipped with adaptive decision-making that adjust their gaits through a reinforcement learning algorithm in response to nonlinearly varying hydrodynamic loads. We demonstrate that these swimmers can maintain their relative position within a formation by adapting their strength and school in a variety of prescribed geometrical arrangements. Furthermore, we identify schooling patterns that minimize the individual and collective swimming effort, through an evolutionary optimization. The present work suggests that the adaptive response of individual swimmers to flow-mediated interactions is critical in fish schooling.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{gorrini-2016-cdyn,
title = {Age and Group-driven Pedestrian Behaviour: from Observations to Simulations},
author = {Andrea Gorrini and Giuseppe Vizzari and Stefania Bandini},
issn = {2366-8539},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Collective Dynamics},
volume = {1},
number = {0},
pages = {1--16},
abstract = {The development of pedestrian simulation systems requires the acquisition of empirical evidences about human behaviour for sake of model validation. In this framework, the paper presents the results of an on field observation of pedestrian behaviour in an urban crowded walkway. The research was aimed at testing the potentially combined effect of ageing and grouping on speed and proxemic behaviour. In particular, we focused on dyads, as the most frequent type of groups in the observed scenario. Results showed that in situation of irregular flows elderly pedestrians walked the 40% slower than adults, due to locomotion skill decline. Dyads walked the 30% slower than singles, due to the need to maintain spatial cohesion to communicate (proxemics). Results contributed to refine the parametric validation of the agent-based simulation system ELIAS38.},
keywords = {empirical, group, modeling, pedestrian, simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{gwynne-2016-cdyn,
title = {Pros and cons of egress drills},
author = {Steve M. V. Gwynne and K. E. Boyce and Erica Kuligowski and Daniel Nilsson and A. P. Robbins and Ruggiero Lovreglio},
url = {https://www.nist.gov/publications/pros-and-cons-egress-drills},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Interflam 2016, 14th International Conference on Fire Science and Engineering},
abstract = {This article explores how egress drills are currently employed, their impact, and the insights gained from them. By investigating their strengths and limitations, this article suggests opportunities for enhancement through the use of other egress models to support and expand upon the benefits provided. It is by no means suggested that drills are not important to evacuation safety - only that the inconsistent use and interpretation of the results produced may mean we (as researchers, practitioners, regulators and stakeholders) are not getting the maximum benefit out of this important tool.},
keywords = {evacuation, fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{hrabak-2016-cdyn,
title = {Time-headway distribution for periodic totally asymmetric exclusion process with various updates},
author = {P. Hrábak and M. Krbálek},
doi = {10.1016/j.physleta.2016.01.013},
issn = {0375-9601},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Physics Letters A},
volume = {380},
number = {9--10},
pages = {1003--1011},
abstract = {The totally asymmetric exclusion process (TASEP) with periodic 
boundaries is considered as traffic flow model. The large-L approximation of the stationary state is used 
for the derivation of the time-headway distribution (an important microscopic characteristic of traffic 
flow) for the model with generalized update (genTASEP) in both, forward- and backward-sequential 
representations. The usually used updates, fully-parallel and regular forward- and backward-sequential, are analyzed as special cases of the genTASEP. It is shown that only for those cases, the time-headway 
distribution is determined by the flow regardless to the density. The qualitative comparison of the results with traffic data demonstrates that the genTASEP with backward order and attractive interaction 
evinces similar properties of time-headway distribution as the real traffic sample.},
keywords = {analytic, cellular automata, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{huo-2016-cdyn,
title = {Experimental study on characteristics of pedestrian evacuation on stairs in a high-rise building},
author = {Feizhou Huo and Weiguo Song and Lei Chen and Chi Liu and K. M. Liew},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2016.02.025},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {86},
pages = {165--173},
abstract = {The characteristics of pedestrian movement down stairs from high-rise building influence the total evacuation time, the formation of congestion and even the safety of evacuees. In this paper two different experimental scenarios, which could be regarded as the phased evacuation and total evacuation respectively, were conducted on stairs in a high-rise building to investigate the evacuation process and pedestrian movement characteristics down stairs. The evacuation processes were recorded by video cameras, and the movement parameters were extracted from the video data. In experimental scenario one and two, the space-time distribution, the speed of participants walking through two adjacent floors and specific flow for participants through different stair landings were analyzed and discussed. Then, the fundamental diagrams for pedestrians in the two different evacuation scenarios were presented followed by the analysis of the influences of merging flow on pedestrian movement. It is found that the longer time intervals between participants occur because of the bottlenecks caused by slow movement individuals in experimental scenario one. In experimental scenario two, it is found that participants who stand in front of the queue accelerate just before the merging with participants coming from upstairs. Moreover, from the analysis of the fundamental diagram, we find that the merging flow influences pedestrians movement down stairs, and the detailed egress facilities and evacuation processes should be taken into account when the functions of SFPE Handbook are used to predict the evacuation variables. It is also found that the speeds of participants from upstairs are reduced by the entry of participants from the corresponding floors during the merging time period.},
keywords = {ants, evacuation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{isenhour-2016-cdyn,
title = {Pedestrian Speed on Stairs: A Mathematical Model Based on Emprirical Analysis for Use in Computer Simulations},
author = {Michelle L. Isenhour and Rainald Löhner},
editor = {Weiguo Song and Jian Ma and Libi Fu},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of Peedestria and Evacuation Dynamics 2016},
pages = {529--533},
publisher = {University of Science and Technology of China Press},
address = {Hefei, China},
keywords = {model, simulation, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@conference{karasev-2016-cdyn,
title = {Intent-Aware Long-Term Prediction of Pedestrian Motion},
author = {Vasily Karasev and Alper Ayvaci and Bernd Heisele and Stefano Soatto},
doi = {10.1109/ICRA.2016.7487409},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation},
abstract = {We present a method to predict long-term motion of pedestrians, modeling their behavior as jump-Markov processes with their goal a hidden variable. Assuming approximately rational behavior, and incorporating environmental constraints and biases, including time-varying ones imposed by traffic lights, we model intent as a policy in a Markov decision process framework. We infer pedestrian state using a Rao-Blackwellized filter, and intent by planning according to a stochastic policy, reflecting individual preferences in aiming at the same goal.},
keywords = {pedestrian, robotics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@techreport{kielar-2016b-cdyn,
title = {MomenTUMv2: A Modular, Extensible, and Generic Agent-Based Pedestrian Behavior Simulation Framework},
author = {Peter Kielar and Daniel Biedermann and Andre Borrmann},
doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.21387.69929},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
institution = {TUM},
keywords = {agent-based, framework, simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
@misc{klusek-2016-cdyn,
title = {Towards Effective GPU Implementation of Social Distances Model for Mass Evacuation},
author = {Adrian Kulusek and Pawel Topa and Jarosław Was},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
abstract = {The Social Distances (SD) Model for massive evacuation is 
based on a Cellular Automata and agent-based representation of pedestrians. 
When parallel processors are used, this approach creates a high 
performance simulation. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for 
Social Distance that is highly optimized for GPU computations. The original 
algorithms were redesigned in order to efficiently exploit the power 
of graphics processors. The performance of the SD model executed on a 
GPU is several times greater than the performance of the same algorithm 
executed on a normal CPU. It is now possible to simulate at least 106 
pedestrians in real time.},
howpublished = {Working paper},
keywords = {cellular automata, parallel, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@misc{klusek-2016b-cdyn,
title = {An implementation of the Social Distances Model using multi GPU-systems},
author = {Adrian Kłusek and Paweł Topa and Jarosław Was},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
abstract = {We propose a new approach for using GPUs (Graphic Processing Units) in large scale simulations of pedestrian 
evacuation. The Social Distances Model (SDM) is designed for efficient modeling of pedestrian dynamics. This 
Cellular Automata (CA) based model, when implemented on the most modern GPUs, can simulate up to 106--108 
entities. However, a valuable simulation of pedestrian evacuation must include various factors that govern pedestrian 
movement, e.g., information provided by event organizers and navigation or allocation of other pedestrians. The most 
common method for introducing such information into simulations is the application of different floor fields. The 
floor fields provide 'local knowledge' that affects pedestrians by modifying of the transition functions of an applied 
cellular automaton. The main disadvantage of this method is its time consuming updating process. We propose GPU 
based calculation of static and dynamic floor fields, whereby simulations that use several different floor fields can 
be efficiently calculated. A single GPU is able to cope with SDM calculations while other GPUs updates dynamic 
floor fields constantly or when required. We also present the classic approach to performing CA based simulations on 
systems with multiple processing units. The lattice is simply partitioned between the available GPUs. We compare 
these two approaches in terms of performance and functionality.},
howpublished = {Working paper},
keywords = {cellular automata, parallel, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@inproceedings{koster-2015-cdynb,
title = {Is slowing down enough to model movement on stairs?},
author = {Gerta Köster and Daniel Lehmberg and Felix Dietrich},
editor = {Victor L. Knoop and Winnie Daamen},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '15},
pages = {35--42},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Nootdorp, the Netherlands},
abstract = {There are many well validated models of pedestrian movement on a flat 
surface. This is not the case for movement on stairs. Experiments show that pedestrians 
slow down when climbing or descending stairs. Hence, it is tempting to model 
movement on stairs by simply slowing down by a factor. But this would imply that, 
other than being slower, motion on stairs mirrors motion in the plane. Is that assumption 
justified? We conduct field observations that reveal similarities but also 
significant differences. Thus we argue that modeling movement on stairs by slowing 
down free-flow velocities may be an acceptable first shot. True microscopic 
behavior, however, like treading from step to step and keeping to a straight line instead 
of trying to overtake can only be captured by a dedicated model. We present 
an extension to the Optimal Steps Model that achieves this.},
note = {27--30 October 2015},
keywords = {fundamental diagram, modeling, pedestrian, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{koster-2015b-cdynb,
title = {A Queuing Model Based On Social Attitudes},
author = {Gerta Köster and Benedikt Zönnchen},
editor = {Victor L. Knoop and Winnie Daamen},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-33482-0},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '15},
pages = {193--200},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Nootdorp, the Netherlands},
abstract = {Modern pedestrian simulation models have to deal with queuing to obtain 
realistic results. Queues control the number of pedestrians entering or leaving an 
area and, through this, the number of pedestrians inside that area. Furthermore they 
impede passing pedestrians. But how do humans decide on a queuing strategy? And 
how does this effect the form of the emerging queue? Based on dynamic floor fields 
for navigation and a simple heuristic decision mechanism we present a computer 
model that is able to capture different queuing patterns that we observe in every day 
life. For this we assume that there are two basic attitudes, aggressive competition 
and cooperative getting in line. Pedestrians can switch between these strategies.},
note = {27--30 October 2015},
keywords = {decision, fast marching method, floor field, modeling, navigation, pedestrian, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@misc{koster-2016z-cdyn,
title = {Google Application: Evacuation of a beer tent in virtual reality},
author = {Gerta Köster and Florian Sesser and Benjamin Adjei and Benjamin Aaron Degenhart and Tobias Hoefer and Matthias Laubinger and Josef Marinus Mark and Stefan Christian Ronczka and Daniel Seitz and Christos Tsiliakis},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
howpublished = {https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.AccuRate.SumoVizUnity},
keywords = {cognition, cognitive overhead, simulation, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{kretzschmar-2016-cdyn,
title = {Socially compliant mobile robot navigation via inverse reinforcement learning},
author = {Hernik Kretzschmar and Markus Spies and Christoph Sprunk and Wolfram Burgard},
doi = {10.1177/0278364915619772},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {The International Journal of Robotics Research},
abstract = {Mobile robots are increasingly populating our human environments. To interact with humans in a socially compliant way, 
these robots need to understand and comply with mutually accepted rules. In this paper, we present a novel approach to 
model the cooperative navigation behavior of humans. We model their behavior in terms of a mixture distribution that 
captures both the discrete navigation decisions, such as going left or going right, as well as the natural variance of human 
trajectories. Our approach learns the model parameters of this distribution that match, in expectation, the observed behavior in terms of user-defined features. To compute the feature expectations over the resulting high-dimensional continuous 
distributions, we use Hamiltonian Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. Furthermore, we rely on a Voronoi graph of the 
environment to efficiently explore the space of trajectories from the robot'scurrent position to its target position. Using the 
proposed model, our method is able to imitate the behavior of pedestrians or, alternatively, to replicate a specific behavior 
that was taught by tele-operation in the target environment of the robot. We implemented our approach on a real mobile 
robot and demonstrated that it is able to successfully navigate in an office environment in the presence of humans. An 
extensive set of experiments suggests that our technique outperforms state-of-the-art methods to model the behavior of 
pedestrians, which also makes it applicable to fields such as behavioral science or computer graphics.},
keywords = {inverse reinforcement learning, navigation, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{lantsova-2016-cdyn,
title = {Using low-quality video sequences for fish detection and tracking},
author = {E. Lantsova and T. Voitiuk and T. Zudilova and A. Kaarna},
doi = {10.1109/SAI.2016.7556017},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {2016 SAI Computing Conference (SAI)},
pages = {426--433},
keywords = {animal, ants, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{lin-2016-cdyn,
title = {Discrete element crowd model for pedestrian evacuation through an exit},
author = {Peng Lin and Jian Ma and Siuming Lo},
url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1674-1056/25/i=3/a=034501},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Chinese Physics B},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
pages = {034501},
abstract = {A series of accidents caused by crowds within the last decades evoked a lot of scientific interest in modeling the movement of pedestrian crowds. Based on the discrete element method, a granular dynamic model, in which the human body is simplified as a self-driven sphere, is proposed to simulate the characteristics of crowd flow through an exit. In this model, the repulsive force among people is considered to have an anisotropic feature, and the physical contact force due to body deformation is quantified by the Hertz contact model. The movement of the human body is simulated by applying the second Newton's law. The crowd flow through an exit at different desired velocities is studied and simulation results indicated that crowd flow exhibits three distinct states, i.e., smooth state, transition state and phase separation state. In the simulation, the clogging phenomenon occurs more easily when the desired velocity is high and the exit may as a result be totally blocked at a desired velocity of 1.6 m/s or above, leading to faster-to-frozen effect.},
keywords = {contact forces},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{liu-2016-cdyn,
title = {Typical features of pedestrian spatial distribution in the inflow process},
author = {Xiaodong Liu and Weiguo Song and Libi Fu and Wei Lv and Zhiming Fang},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375960116001651},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2016.02.028},
issn = {0375-9601},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Physics Letters A},
volume = {380},
number = {17},
pages = {1526--1534},
abstract = {Pedestrian inflow is frequently observed in various pedestrian facilities. In this work, we first proposed four hypotheses concerning the inflow process. Then, we performed a series of experiments to test the hypotheses. With several analytical methods, e.g., the proxemics theory and Voronoi diagram method, the features of pedestrian inflow are analyzed in detail. Results demonstrate that the distribution of pedestrians in the room is not uniform. Boundaries are attractive for these pedestrians. The impact of two factors of the inflow are analyzed, i.e., movement rule, and first-out reward. It is found pedestrians can enter the room more effectively under the random rule or two queues. Under some hurry circumstances, pedestrians may prefer to gather around the door, and the spatial distribution is not uniform, leading to the imbalance use of the room. Practical suggestions are given for pedestrians to improve the travel efficiency in the inflow process. This experimental study is meaningful to reveal some fundamental phenomena of inflow process, which can provide the realistic basis for building the theory and mathematical-physical models.},
keywords = {density, empirical, flow, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{liu-2016b-cdyn,
title = {Experimental study of pedestrian inflow in a room with a separate entrance and exit},
author = {Xiaodong Liu and Weiguo Song and Libi Fu and Zhiming Fang},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.09.026},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {442},
pages = {224--238},
abstract = {Pedestrian inflow process frequently occurs in various pedestrian facilities in our daily life. Great importance should be attached to the study of this process. In this paper, we explore the pedestrian inflow process in a room with a separate entrance and exit. Two kinds of experiments are conducted: experiment 1 has no inactive persons and primarily focuses on analyzing the features of the normal pedestrian inflow process and analyzing the representative spatial parameters in the steady state, while experiment 2 involves the influence of the inactive persons. In order to quantitatively discuss the distribution of pedestrians in the steady state, we adopt several analytical methods, such as the Voronoi diagram method, proxemics, and point pattern analysis. Some features of the inflow process are captured. The distribution of pedestrians in the steady state is not uniform. The proxemics and attraction to the exit are both considered to affect pedestrians distribution in the inflow process. The presence of inactive persons may have an impact on both the inflow and outflow processes. Practical suggestions are provided for the managers of pedestrian facilities.},
keywords = {experiment, flow, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{lubas-2016b-cdyn,
title = {Cellular Automata as the basis of effective and realistic agent-based models of crowd behavior},
author = {Robert Lubaś and Jarosław Wąs and Jakub Porzycki},
doi = {10.1007/s11227-016-1718-7},
issn = {1573-0484},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {The Journal of Supercomputing},
volume = {72},
number = {6},
pages = {2170--2196},
abstract = {The Cellular Automata (CA) paradigm has been recognized as an effective approach used in the modeling and simulation of complex systems. However, its classical form of a homogeneous and synchronous CA has a limited field of applications. For practical applications, non-homogeneous and asynchronous CAs with hybrid technological construction are especially useful in modeling and simulation. In this article, the authors focus on crowd simulations based on CA and agent-based modeling approaches. Basic technical aspects of large-scale crowd simulations are presented: specifically proposed architecture, our view on synchronization patterns, as well as hierarchy of objects in logic and data layer. A new method of agent conflict resolution is also proposed. Such an approach was successfully applied in the Allianz Arena stadium model, and other large-scale simulations developed by the authors. Thus, finally, practical applications of the models are presented.},
keywords = {agents, cellular automata, data-driven modeling, modeling, parallel computation, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ma-2016-cdyn,
title = {An Artificial Intelligence-Based Approach for Simulating Pedestrian Movement},
author = {Y. Ma and E. W. M. Lee and R. K. K. Yuen},
doi = {10.1109/TITS.2016.2542843},
issn = {1524-9050},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems},
volume = {PP},
number = {99},
pages = {1--12},
abstract = {This paper proposes a novel approach for simulating pedestrian movement behavior based on artificial intelligence technology. Within this approach, a large volume of microscopic pedestrian movement behavior types were collected and encapsulated into an artificial neural network via network training. The trained network was then fed back into a simulation environment to predict the pedestrian movement. Two simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the approach. First, a pedestrian-collision-avoidance test was conducted, and the results showed that virtual pedestrians with learned pedestrian behavior can move reasonably to avoid potential collisions with other pedestrians. In addition, a critical parameter, i.e., defined as reacting distance and determined to be 2.5 m, represented the boundary of the collision buffer zone. Second, a pedestrian counterflow in a road-crossing situation was simulated, and the results were compared with the real-life scenario. The comparison revealed that the pedestrian distributions, erratic trajectories, and density-speed fundamental diagram in the simulation are reasonably consistent with the real-life scenario. Furthermore, a quantitative indicator, i.e., the relative distance error, was calculated to evaluate the simulation error of pedestrians trajectories between the simulation and the real-life scenario, the mean of which was calculated to be 0.322. This revealed that the simulation results were acceptable from an engineering perspective, and they also showed that the approach could reproduce the lane-formation phenomenon. We considered the proposed approach to be capable of simulating human-like microscopic pedestrian flow.},
keywords = {artificial intelligence, microscopic, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@techreport{moussaid-2016b-cdyn,
title = {Patterns of cooperation during collective emergencies in the help-or-escape social dilemma},
author = {Mehdi Moussaid and Mareike Trauernicht},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
institution = {Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Deve},
abstract = {Although cooperation is central to the organisation of many social systems, relatively little is known about cooperation in situations of collective emergency. When groups of people flee from a danger such as a burning building or a terrorist attack, the collective benefit of cooperation is important, but the cost of helping is high and the temptation to defect is strong. To explore the degree of cooperation in emergencies, we develop a new social game, the help-or-escape social dilemma. Under time and monetary pressure, players decide how much risk they are willing to take in order to help others. Results indicated that players took as much risk to help others during emergencies as they did under normal conditions. In both conditions, most players applied an egalitarian heuristic and helped others until their chance of success equalled that of the group. This strategy is less efficient during emergencies, however, because the increased time pressure results in fewer people helped. Furthermore, emergencies tend to amplify participants' initial tendency to cooperate, with prosocials becoming even more cooperative and individualists becoming even more selfish. Our framework offers new opportunities to study human cooperation and could help authorities to better manage crowd behaviours during mass emergencies.},
keywords = {animal, ants, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
@article{mueller-2016-cdyn,
title = {Evacuation Dynamics Of Asymmetrically Coupled Pedestrian Pairs},
author = {Frank Müller and Andreas Schadschneider},
year  = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {arXiv},
abstract = {We propose and analyze extended floor field cellular automaton models 
for evacuation dynamics of inhomogeneous pedestrian pairs which are coupled by 
asymmetric group interactions. Such pairs consist of a leader, who mainly determines 
the couple s motion and a follower, who has a defined tendency to follow the 
leader. Examples for such pairs are mother and child or two siblings of different age. 
We examine the system properties and compare them to the case of a homogeneous 
crowd. We find a strong impact on evacuation times for the regime of strong pair 
coupling due to the occurrence of a clogging phenomenon. In addition we obtain a 
non-trivial dependence of evacuation times on the followers coupling to the static 
floor field, which carries the information of the shortest way to the exit location. In 
particular we find that systems with fully passive followers, who are solely coupled 
to their leaders, show lower evacuation times than homogeneous systems where all 
pedestrians have an equal tendency to move towards the exit.We compare the results 
of computer simulations with recently performed experiments.},
howpublished = {arXiv:1608.05439v1 [physics.soc-ph] 18 Aug 2016},
keywords = {cellular automata, group, modeling, queues},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{erdmann-2015-cdyn,
title = {Modelling Pedestrian Dynamics in SUMO},
author = {Jakob Erdmann and Daniel Krajzewicz},
url = {https://elib.dlr.de/100554/},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-05-01},
booktitle = {SUMO User Conference 2015},
journal = {SUMO 2015 - Intermodal Simulation for Intermodal Transport},
volume = {28},
pages = {103--118},
publisher = {Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.},
series = {Berichte aus dem DLR-Institut für Verkehrssystemtechnik},
abstract = {Walking is the most natural way of human mobility. The microscopic simulation package SUMO has supported an intermodal person-based simulation including pedestrian since 2010 (version 0.12.0). However, movements along a road were resembled using a linear interpolation only and pedestrian dynamics at an intersection were not modelled at all. Within the scope of the COLOMBO project, SUMO was extended to simulate pedestrian dynamics in more greater detail. This includes extensions to the road network format, movement models and routing tools.},
keywords = {human locomotion, inter-modality, pedestrian dynamics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{sivers-2015,
title = {Dynamic Stride Length Adaptation According to Utility And Personal Space},
author = {Isabella von Sivers and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1016/j.trb.2015.01.009},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part B: Methodological},
volume = {74},
pages = {104--117},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{seitz-2015,
title = {The effect of stepping on pedestrian trajectories},
author = {Michael J Seitz and Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2014.11.064},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {421},
pages = {594--604},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{dietrich-2015b-cdyn,
title = {How to get a model in pedestrian dynamics to produce stop and go waves?},
author = {Felix Dietrich and Stefan Disselnkötter and Gerta Köster},
editor = {Victor L Knoop and Winnie Daamen},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '15},
pages = {161--168},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
abstract = {Stop and go waves in granular flow can often be described mathematically by a dynamical system with a Hopf bifurcation. We show that a certain class of microscopic, ordinary differential equation-based models in crowd dynamics fulfill certain conditions of Hopf bifurcations. The class is based on the Gradient Navigation Model. An interesting phenomenon arises: the number of pedestrians in the system must be greater than nine for a bifurcation -- and hence for stop and go waves to be possible at all, independent of the density. Below this number, no parameter setting will cause the system to exhibit a stable stop and go behavior. 
The result is also interesting for car traffic, where similar models exist. 
Numerical experiments of several parameter settings are used to illustrate the mathematical results.},
note = {27--30 October 2015},
keywords = {bifurcation, mathematics, modeling, pedestrian, stop-and-go},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{seitz-2015-cdyn,
title = {The effect of stepping on pedestrian trajectories},
author = {Michael J Seitz and Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2014.11.064},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {421},
pages = {594--604},
keywords = {stepping},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{sivers-2015-cdyn,
title = {Dynamic Stride Length Adaptation According to Utility And Personal Space},
author = {Isabella von Sivers and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1016/j.trb.2015.01.009},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part B: Methodological},
volume = {74},
pages = {104--117},
keywords = {peddyngroup},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{sivers-2015d-cdyn,
title = {Realistic Stride Length Adaptation in the Optimal Steps Model},
author = {Isabella von Sivers and Gerta Köster},
editor = {M Chraibi and M Boltes and A Schadschneider and A Seyfried},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-10629-8_20},
isbn = {978-3-319-10629-8},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '13},
pages = {171--178},
publisher = {Springer},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@techreport{torchiani-2015-cdyn,
title = {Fahrgastwechselzeiten von Shuttlebussen: Feldbeobachtung, statistische Auswertung und weitere Verwendung der Daten (Beobachtung vom 06.12.2014 in Kaiserslautern)},
author = {Carolin Torchiani and Michael J Seitz and David Willems and Stefan Ruzika and Gerta Köster},
url = {http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/?id=1249728},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
number = {TUM-I1517},
school = {Technische Universität München},
keywords = {peddyngroup, transportation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
@article{dietrich-2015-cdyn,
title = {Numerical Model Construction with Closed Observables},
author = {Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster and Hans-Joachim Bungartz},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {arXiv},
volume = {1506.04793},
number = {v3},
keywords = {diffusion maps, mathematics, model order reduction, numerics, surrogate},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{barton-2015-cdyn,
title = {The contributions of active and passive modes of control during walking over complex terrain},
author = {Sean Barton and Jonathan Matthis and Brett Fajen},
doi = {10.1167/15.12.1324},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
abstract = {When walking over complex terrain, humans use visual information about the upcoming ground surface layout to exploit the passive physical forces inherent to bipedal locomotion. We previously showed that visual information about potential target footholds for an upcoming step is critical for control during the end of the preceding step. Visual information about target position presented during this critical control phase was sufficient for subjects to accurately step to a target, while the same information presented before or after the critical phase resulted in less accurate foot placement. Although visual information about target position is not essential once the step to that target is initiated, it remains unclear whether humans are capable of using such information to improve stepping accuracy following a perturbation during that step. Reynolds and Day (2005) demonstrated that, when taking a single step, participants rapidly respond to changes in target position while the foot is in flight. However, it is not known whether humans exhibit such active corrections during continuous walking over longer stretches of complex terrain, when locomotion is largely under passive control. In the present study, subjects walked along a path of irregularly spaced targets projected onto the ground while their movements were recorded with motion capture. As subjects approached targets, each target briefly disappeared and then reappeared. On a subset of trials, the location of one of the six targets was perturbed in either a medial-lateral or anterior-posterior direction while invisible. Subjects' responses to the perturbation depended on the timing of visual information during that step. Discussion focuses on the contributions of active control, to respond to perturbations during the swing phase, and passive control, to efficiently adapt the gait cycle to upcoming terrain.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{corbetta-2015-cdyn,
title = {Parameter Estimation of Social Forces in Pedestrian Dynamics Models via a Probabilistic Method},
author = {Alessandro Corbetta and Adrian Muntean and Kiamars Vafayi},
doi = {10.3934/mbe.2015.12.337},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
keywords = {bayesian inversion, social forces, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{crociani-2015b-cdyn,
title = {When reactive agents are not enough: Tactical level decisions in pedestrian simulation},
author = {L. Crociani and A. Piazzoni and G. Vizzari and S. Bandini},
doi = {10.3233/IA-150086},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Intelligenza Artificiale},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {163-177},
keywords = {control, crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{dietrich-2015b-cdynb,
title = {How to get a model in pedestrian dynamics to produce stop and go waves?},
author = {Felix Dietrich and Stefan Disselnkötter and Gerta Köster},
editor = {Victor L. Knoop and Winnie Daamen},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '15},
pages = {161--168},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
abstract = {Stop and go waves in granular flow can often be described mathematically by a dynamical system with a Hopf bifurcation. We show that a certain class of microscopic, ordinary differential equation-based models in crowd dynamics fulfill certain conditions of Hopf bifurcations. The class is based on the Gradient Navigation Model. An interesting phenomenon arises: the number of pedestrians in the system must be greater than nine for a bifurcation -- and hence for stop and go waves to be possible at all, independent of the density. Below this number, no parameter setting will cause the system to exhibit a stable stop and go behavior. 
The result is also interesting for car traffic, where similar models exist. 
Numerical experiments of several parameter settings are used to illustrate the mathematical results.},
note = {27--30 October 2015},
keywords = {bifurcation, mathematics, modeling, pedestrian, stop-and-go},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@misc{ditt-2015-cdyn,
title = {Kaiserslautern Kompakt: Demo in der Innenstadt},
author = {Rebecca Ditt},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
howpublished = {Online: urlhttps://www.rheinpfalz.de/lokal/kaiserslautern_artikel,-kaiserslautern-kompakt-demo-in-der-innenstadt-_arid,367551.html},
note = {Accessed November 20, 2020},
keywords = {crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{duives-2015-cdyn,
title = {Quantification of the level of crowdedness for pedestrian movements},
author = {Dorine C. Duives and Winnie Daamen and Serge P. Hoogendoorn},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2014.11.054},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {427},
number = {0},
pages = {162--180},
abstract = {Within the realm of pedestrian research numerous measures have been proposed to estimate the level of crowdedness experienced by pedestrians. However, within the field of pedestrian traffic flow modelling there does not seem to be consensus on the question which of these measures performs best. This paper shows that the shape and scatter within the resulting fundamental diagrams differs a lot depending on the measure of crowdedness used. The main aim of the paper is to establish the advantages and disadvantages of the currently existing measures to quantify crowdedness in order to evaluate which measures provide both accurate and consistent results. The assessment is not only based on the theoretical differences, but also on the qualitative and quantitative differences between the resulting fundamental diagrams computed using the crowdedness measures on one and the same data set. The qualitative and quantitative functioning of the classical Grid-based measure is compared to with the X-T measure, an Exponentially Weighted Distance measure, and a Voronoi-Diagram measure. The consistency of relating these measures for crowdedness to the two macroscopic flow variables velocity and flow, the computational efficiency and the amount of scatter present within the fundamental diagrams produced by the implementation of the different measures are reviewed. It is found that the Voronoi-Diagram and X-T measure are the most efficient and consistent measures for crowdedness.},
keywords = {fundamental diagram, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{fds-2015-cdyn,
title = {FDS+Evac Website},
author = {FDS Evac contributors},
url = {http://virtual.vtt.fi/virtual/proj6/fdsevac/documents/FDS+Evac_textbased_homepage.txt},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
howpublished = {Online: urlvirtual.vtt.fi/virtual/proj6/fdsevac/documents/FDS+Evac_textbased_homepage.txt},
note = {Accessd 18. January 2016},
keywords = {fire, open source, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{fennell-2015-cdyn,
title = {How visual perceptual grouping influences foot placement},
author = {John Fennell and Charlotte Goodwin and Jeremy F. Burn and Ute Leonards},
doi = {10.1098/rsos.150151},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
volume = {2},
number = {7},
publisher = {The Royal Society},
abstract = {Everybody would agree that vision guides locomotion; but how does vision influence choice when there are different solutions for possible foot placement? We addressed this question by investigating the impact of perceptual grouping on foot placement in humans. Participants performed a stepping stone task in which pathways consisted of target stones in a spatially regular path of foot falls and visual distractor stones in their proximity. Target and distractor stones differed in shape and colour so that each subset of stones could be easily grouped perceptually. In half of the trials, one target stone swapped shape and colour with a distractor in its close proximity. We show that in these ‘swapped’ conditions, participants chose the perceptually groupable, instead of the spatially regular, stepping location in over 40% of trials, even if the distance between perceptually groupable steps was substantially larger than normal step width/length. This reveals that the existence of a pathway that could be traversed without spatial disruption to periodic stepping is not sufficient to guarantee participants will select it and suggests competition between different types of visual input when choosing foot placement. We propose that a bias in foot placement choice in favour of visual grouping exists as, in nature, sudden changes in visual characteristics of the ground increase the uncertainty for stability.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@mastersthesis{graf-2015-cdyn,
title = {Automated Routing in Pedestrian Dynamics},
author = {Arne Graf},
url = {http://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/276318},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
pages = {41},
school = {Fachhochschule Aachen},
abstract = {The effect of an alternate floorfield is analyzed, by using itin a newly composed model for pedestrian dynamics. The model uses the solution to the Eikonal equation, which describes a2-D wave propagation. The wave starts in the target region and propagatesthroughout the geometry. Agents are directed in the opposite direction of thewave propagation, the negative gradient of aforementioned solution to the Eikonal equation. The Routing using a floorfield with homogeneous propagation speed will yieldnon-smooth pathways.In this thesis, an enhanced floorfield is described. A distance field is created and usedin the Eikonal equation, resulting in smooth pathways, which favor a certaindistance to walls. Special interest is taken in the behavior of agents close toobstacles.It is implemented in JuPedSim, a simulation suit for pedestrian simula-tion, developed at the Juelich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum JuelichGmbH. The model is easy to use, fast and shows an organic routing through complex ge-ometries. The extent to which we alter the floorfield is subject to given analysis.},
keywords = {modeling, navigation, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
@article{hackney-2015-cdyn,
title = {Does the passability of apertures change when walking through human versus pole obstacles?},
author = {Amy Hackney and Michael Cinelli and James Frank},
doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.10.007},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Acta Psychologica},
volume = {162},
pages = {62--68},
abstract = {The current study set out to evaluate how individuals walk through apertures created by different stationary obstacles. Specifically, we examined whether the passability of apertures differed between human and pole obstacles by quantifying aperture crossing behaviors such as the critical point. Participants walked an 8m path toward a visible goal located at the end. Two obstacles were positioned 5m from the starting location and participants were instructed to pass between the obstacles without hitting them. The distance between the obstacles ranged between 1.0 and 1.8x the participant's shoulder width. Results revealed that, when the obstacles were humans, individuals rotated their shoulders more frequently at larger apertures, as evidenced by a larger critical point (1.7 vs 1.3 for poles), initiated shoulder rotations earlier, rotated to a larger degree, left a wider clearance between their shoulders and the obstacles at the time of crossing, and walked slower when approaching and passing through the obstacles compared to when the obstacles were poles. Furthermore, correlational analyses revealed that the amount of change between an individual's critical point for the poles and the critical point for the human obstacles was related to social risk-taking and changes in walking speed. Therefore, it appears that the passability of apertures changes when walking between two people versus two objects such that more space and greater caution are needed for human obstacles. It is possible that the greater caution observed for human obstacles is to account for the personal space needs of others that do not exist in the same extent for poles and that the degree of caution is related to social factors.},
keywords = {ants, psychology, social distances},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{jaehn-2015-cdyn,
title = {Airplane boarding},
author = {Florian Jaehn and Simone Neumann},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.12.008},
issn = {0377-2217},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {European Journal of Operational Research},
volume = {244},
number = {2},
pages = {339--359},
abstract = {The time required to board an airplane directly influences an airplanes turn-around time, i.e., the time that the airplane requires at the gate between two flights. Thus, the turn-around time can be reduced by using efficient boarding methods and such actions may also result in cost savings. The main contribution of this paper is fourfold. First, we provide a general problem description including partly established and partly new definitions of relevant terms. Next, we survey boarding methods known from theory and practice and provide an according classification scheme. Third, we present a broad overview on the current literature in this field and we describe 12 most relevant papers in detail and juxtapose their results. Fourth, we summarize the state-of-the-art of research in this field showing e.g., that the commonly used strategy back-to-front generally requires more time than other easy to implement strategies such as random boarding. Further concepts and approaches that can help speed up the boarding process are also presented and these can be studied in future research.},
keywords = {airplane},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kinateder-2015-cdyn,
title = {Risk perception in fire evacuation behavior revisited: definitions, related concepts, and empirical evidence},
author = {Max T. Kinateder and Erica D. Kuligowski and Paul A. Reneke and Richard D. Peacock},
doi = {10.1186/s40038-014-0005-z},
issn = {2193-0414},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Fire Science Reviews},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {1--26},
abstract = {Risk perception (RP) is studied in many research disciplines (e.g., safety engineering, psychology, and sociology). Definitions of RP can be broadly divided into expectancy-value and risk-as-feeling approaches. In the present review, RP is seen as the personalization of the risk related to a current event, such as an ongoing fire emergency; it is influenced by emotions and prone to cognitive biases. We differentiate RP from other related concepts (e.g., situation awareness) and introduce theoretical frameworks relevant to RP in fire evacuation (e.g., Protective Action Decision Model and Heuristic-Systematic approaches). Furthermore, we review studies on RP during evacuation with a focus on the World Trade Center evacuation on September 11, 2001 and present factors modulating RP as well as the relation between perceived risk and protective actions. We summarize the factors that influence perception risk and discuss the direction of these relationships (i.e., positive or negative influence, or inconsequential) and conclude with presenting limitations of this review and an outlook on future research.},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{kneidl-2015-cdyn,
title = {How do people queue -- a study of different queuing models},
author = {Angelika Kneidl},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '15},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {Whenever there are crowded spaces, queuing occurs. Many different situations force people to queue: Waiting for a service counter, lining up for a train or bus, queuing in front of bottlenecks or simply waiting at a supermarket checkout. Such queuing evolves in many different ways, depending on the situation, the reason for queuing, the culture, the geometry and many more. Simulation models have to cope with such different situations and behaviours. This paper gives an overview on different queuing situations and corresponding models that exist for pedestrian modelling. Additionally, it introduces a new queuing model for organised queuing without demarcation tapes. First visual validations are shown.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian, queues},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@conference{laemmel-2015-cdyn,
title = {HYBRID MULTI- AND INTER-MODAL TRANSPORT SIMULATION: A CASE STUDY ON LARGE-SCALE EVACUATION PLANNING},
author = {Gregor Lämmel and Mohcine Chraibi and Armel Ulrich Kemloh Wagoum and Bernhard Steffen},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {TRB 95th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.},
abstract = {Transport simulation models exist on multiple scales from evacuation simulations of nightclubs 
with a few hundred guests over the simulation of transport hubs such as large train stations up to 
evacuation simulations of megapolis in case of tsunamis. Depending on precision and complexity 
requirements, continuous (e.g. force-based, velocity obstacle based), spatiotemporal discrete (e.g. 
cellular automata), or queue models are applied. In general, the finer the spatiotemporal resolution 
the more precise the interactions between travelers (e.g. pedestrians or vehicles) are captured, but 
the computational burden increases. The obvious approach to achieve higher computational speeds 
is to reduce the physical complexity (e.g. by using a queue model), which in turn also reduces the 
precision. One way to increase the computational speed while staying precise enough to make 
reliable prognosis is to combine models of different scale in a hybrid manner, where a finer model 
is applied where needed and a coarser model where plausible. This contribution discusses an 
application of a hybrid simulation approach in the context of a large-scale multi- and inter-modal 
evacuation scenario. The presented case study investigates the feasibility of an evacuation of parts 
of the city of Hamburg in Germany in case of a storm surge.},
keywords = {hybrid, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{lovreglio-2015-cdyn,
title = {Calibrating floor field cellular automaton models for pedestrian dynamics by using likelihood function optimization},
author = {Ruggiero Lovreglio and Enrico Ronchi and Daniel Nilsson},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2015.06.040},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {438},
pages = {308--320},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {The formulation of pedestrian floor field cellular automaton models is generally based on hypothetical assumptions to represent reality. This paper proposes a novel methodology to calibrate these models using experimental trajectories. The methodology is based on likelihood function optimization and allows verifying whether the parameters defining a model statistically affect pedestrian navigation. Moreover, it allows comparing different model specifications or the parameters of the same model estimated using different data collection techniques, e.g. virtual reality experiment, real data, etc. The methodology is here implemented using navigation data collected in a Virtual Reality tunnel evacuation experiment including 96 participants. A trajectory dataset in the proximity of an emergency exit is used to test and compare different metrics, i.e. Euclidean and modified Euclidean distance, for the static floor field. In the present case study, modified Euclidean metrics provide better fitting with the data. A new formulation using random parameters for pedestrian cellular automaton models is also defined and tested.},
keywords = {ants, calibration, cellular automata, experiment, floor field, modeling, navigation, pedestrian, trajectories},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{matsim-2015-cdyn,
title = {MATSim},
author = {MATSim Contributors},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
howpublished = {Online: urlmatsim.org},
note = {Accessed 16. December 2015},
keywords = {open source, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@mastersthesis{osterkamp-2015-cdyn,
title = {Simulation der Räumung einer unterirdischen Personenverkehrsanlage mit dem Jülich Pedestrian Simulator},
author = {Maximilian Osterkamp},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
school = {Bergische Universität Wuppertal},
abstract = {Die Ausarbeitung Simulation der Räumung einer unterirdischen Personenverkehrsanlage 
mit dem Jülich Pedestrian Simulator untersucht die Gebäudegeometrie der Berliner 
U-Bahnstation Osloer Straße in Bezug auf die simulierte Gesamträumungszeit und den 
Einfluss verschiedener Simulationsparameter auf diese mit Hilfe vom Jülich Pedestrian Simulator. 
Dazu werden alle Arbeitsschritte abgearbeitet, die bei einer Räumungssimulation 
von Bedeutung sind. 
Zunächst wird der Stand der Wissenschaft in Bezug auf die freie Gehgeschwindigkeit auf 
Treppen und fahrenden bzw. stehenden Fahrtreppen erfasst. Weiterführend sind hierzu 
Ergebnisse eigener Experimente dokumentiert. Darüber hinaus werden alle Grundlagen 
zu mathematischen Modellierungsmodellen erarbeitet und beschrieben, aus welchen Komponenten 
die Software Jülich Pedestrian Simulator besteht. 
Im Anschluss erfolgt die Erstellung des Geometriemodells der U-Bahnstation, das nicht 
nur als generisches Flächen-Volumenkörper-Modell auf CAD-Basis für Rauchgassimulationen 
dienen kann, sondern auch als Drahtmodell für die Personenstromsimulation benutzt 
wird. 
Als letzte Komponente werden für die Simulation die Parametersätze zusammengetragen, 
die zur Analyse der Einflussfaktoren dienen. Dabei werden sowohl der Ansatz von unterschiedlichen 
Geschwindigkeiten auf Treppen bzw. Fahrtreppen, als auch verschiedene 
Reaktionszeiten auf ihren Einfluss auf die Räumungszeit untersucht. 
Die anschließenden Simulationen ergeben, dass eine Erhöhung der Reaktionszeit unter den 
gewählten Parametern eine Erhöhung der Evakuierungszeit zu Folge hat. Eine Vergrößerung 
der Gehgeschwindigkeit auf Treppen hingegen verringert die simulierte Evakuierungszeit. 
Abschließend werden die Entwicklungsprozesse zusammengefasst, welche im Laufe der 
Arbeit an der genutzten Software getätigt wurden und ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Entwicklungsziele 
formuliert.},
keywords = {pedestrian, simulation, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
@inbook{pluchino-2015-cdyn,
title = {Agent-Based Model for Pedestrians' Evacuation after a Blast Integrated with a Human Behavior Model},
author = {S. Pluchino and Chiara Mariagiulia Tribulato and Alessio Caverzan and Alexandro Mc Quillan and Gian Paolo Cimellaro and Stephen Mahin},
doi = {10.1061/9780784479117.129},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {Structures Congress 2015},
pages = {1506-1517},
abstract = {Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a powerful tool for model complex and heterogeneous systems as pedestrian evacuation after extreme events. Several studies on Emergency Management exist in literature, but the majority of them do not consider how human behavior impacts the evacuation plan. Indeed, these can change drastically a critical scenario because are driven by emotions, knowledge and perception which are unpredictable. The aim of this study is to develop an ABM of an evacuation scenario due to a blast in a public area integrated with a mathematical dynamic human behavior model. Netlogo, which is a multi-agent programmable environment, was used to build the ABM. ABMs simulate two phases: the normal phase and the agent's evacuation process after the blast. The evacuation time is the main parameter of response and it is used to evaluate the efficiency and safety of an infrastructure. Each agent has its own behavior according to a layered framework mathematical model. The first layer, thanks to an empirical statistical distribution, simulates the "agent's state" function of the role performed by the agent and his age. Then the "individual module" describes the emotional aspects using the Decision Field Theory. This ABM becomes an important tool that enables designers or policy makers to test, estimating and improving the response of infrastructures in hazardous scenario.},
keywords = {evacuation, informatics, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
@article{punzo-2015-cdyn,
title = {Do We Really Need to Calibrate All the Parameters? Variance-Based Sensitivity Analysis to Simplify Microscopic Traffic Flow Models},
author = {V. Punzo and M. Montanino and B. Ciuffo},
doi = {10.1109/TITS.2014.2331453},
issn = {1524-9050},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {184--193},
abstract = {Automated calibration of microscopic traffic flow models is all but simple for a number of reasons, including the computational complexity of black-box optimization and the asymmetric importance of parameters in influencing model performances. The main objective of this paper is therefore to provide a robust methodology to simplify car-following models, that is, to reduce the number of parameters (to calibrate) without sensibly affecting the capability of reproducing reality. To this aim, variance-based sensitivity analysis is proposed and formulated in a 'factor fixing' setting. Among the novel contributions are a robust design of the Monte Carlo framework that also includes, as an analysis factor, the main nonparametric input of car-following models, i.e., the leader's trajectory, and a set of criteria for 'data assimilation' in car-following models. The methodology was applied to the intelligent driver model (IDM) and to all the trajectories in the 'reconstructed' Next Generation SIMulation (NGSIM) I80-1 data set. The analysis unveiled that the leader's trajectory is considerably more important than the parameters in affecting the variability of model performances. Sensitivity analysis also returned the importance ranking of the IDM parameters. Basing on this, a simplified model version with three (out of six) parameters is proposed. After calibrations, the full model and the simplified model show comparable performances, in face of a sensibly faster convergence of the simplified version.},
keywords = {calibration, sensitivity analysis, traffic, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{rahman-2015-cdyn,
title = {Towards accelerated agent-based crowd simulation for Hajj and Umrah},
author = {A. Rahman and N. A. W. A. Hamid and A. R. Rahiman and B. Zafar},
doi = {10.1109/ISAMSR.2015.7379132},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {2015 International Symposium on Agents, Multi-Agent Systems and Robotics (ISAMSR)},
pages = {65--70},
keywords = {agents, crowd, gpgpu, gpu, parallel computation, parallel simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{rosenthal-2015-cdyn,
title = {Revealing the hidden networks of interaction in mobile animal groups allows prediction of complex behavioral contagion},
author = {Sara Brin Rosenthal and Colin R. Twomey and Andrew T. Hartnett and Hai Shan Wu and Iain D. Couzin},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1420068112},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {112},
number = {15},
pages = {4690--4695},
abstract = {Coordination among social animals requires rapid and efficient transfer of information among individuals, which may depend crucially on the underlying structure of the communication network. Establishing the decision-making circuits and networks that give rise to individual behavior has been a central goal of neuroscience. However, the analogous problem of determining the structure of the communication network among organisms that gives rise to coordinated collective behavior, such as is exhibited by schooling fish and flocking birds, has remained almost entirely neglected. Here, we study collective evasion maneuvers, manifested through rapid waves, or cascades, of behavioral change (a ubiquitous behavior among taxa) in schooling fish (Notemigonus crysoleucas). We automatically track the positions and body postures, calculate visual fields of all individuals in schools of ~150 fish, and determine the functional mapping between socially generated sensory input and motor response during collective evasion. We find that individuals use simple, robust measures to assess behavioral changes in neighbors, and that the resulting networks by which behavior propagates throughout groups are complex, being weighted, directed, and heterogeneous. By studying these interaction networks, we reveal the (complex, fractional) nature of social contagion and establish that individuals with relatively few, but strongly connected, neighbors are both most socially influential and most susceptible to social influence. Furthermore, we demonstrate that we can predict complex cascades of behavioral change at their moment of initiation, before they actually occur. Consequently, despite the intrinsic stochasticity of individual behavior, establishing the hidden communication networks in large self-organized groups facilitates a quantitative understanding of behavioral contagion.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{sanz-2015-cdyn,
title = {Virtual proxemics: Locomotion in the presence of obstacles in large immersive projection environments},
author = {Ferran Argelaguet Sanz and Anne-Hélène Olivier and Gerd Bruder and Julien Pettré and Anatole Lécuyer},
doi = {10.1109/VR.2015.7223327},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {2015 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR)},
abstract = {In this paper, we investigate obstacle avoidance behavior during 
real walking in a large immersive projection setup. We analyze 
the walking behavior of users when avoiding real and virtual static 
obstacles. In order to generalize our study, we consider both anthropomorphic 
and inanimate objects, each having his virtual and real 
counterpart. The results showed that users exhibit different locomotion 
behaviors in the presence of real and virtual obstacles, and 
in the presence of anthropomorphic and inanimate objects. Precisely, 
the results showed a decrease of walking speed as well as 
an increase of the clearance distance (i. e., the minimal distance between 
the walker and the obstacle) when facing virtual obstacles 
compared to real ones. Moreover, our results suggest that users 
act differently due to their perception of the obstacle: users keep 
more distance when the obstacle is anthropomorphic compared to 
an inanimate object and when the orientation of anthropomorphic 
obstacle is from the profile compared to a front position. We discuss 
implications on future large shared immersive projection spaces.},
keywords = {behavior, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{templeton-2015-cdyn,
title = {From Mindless Masses to Small Groups: Conceptualizing Collective Behavior in Crowd Modeling},
author = {Anne Templeton and John Drury and Andrew Philippides},
doi = {10.1037/gpr0000032},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Review of General Psychology},
volume = {19},
number = {3},
pages = {215--229},
abstract = {Computer simulations are increasingly used to monitor and predict behavior at large crowd events, such as mass gatherings, festivals and evacuations. We critically examine the crowd modeling literature and call for future simulations of crowd behavior to be based more closely on findings from current social psychological research. A systematic review was conducted on the crowd modeling literature (N = 140 articles) to identify the assumptions about crowd behavior that modelers use in their simulations. Articles were coded according to the way in which crowd structure was modeled. It was found that 2 broad types are used: mass approaches and small group approaches. However, neither the mass nor the small group approaches can accurately simulate the large collective behavior that has been found in extensive empirical research on crowd events. We argue that to model crowd behavior realistically, simulations must use methods which allow crowd members to identify with each other, as suggested by self-categorization theory.},
keywords = {crowd, group, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{wardman-2015-cdyn,
title = {Passengers' valuations of train seating layout, position and occupancy},
author = {Mark Wardman and Paul Murphy},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856415000154},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice},
volume = {74},
pages = {222--238},
abstract = {The layout of seating within train carriages, of which there are numerous possibilities, and also the occupancy of that seating can be expected to impact on passengers’ experiences of a train journey. However, there is very little evidence on how rail passengers value different seating experiences. On the back of exploratory research, and including attitudinal evidence, this paper provides significant and original insights into rail passenger’s preferences in this area. The primary evidence base is a Stated Preference experiment, complemented by a novel Revealed Preference exercise that uses CCTV footage to observe where rail passengers prefer to sit. 
 
The valuations, expressed as travel time multipliers, obtained from the Stated Preference exercise are generally plausible and exhibit a wide range according to the precise seating configuration, the occupancy level and the seating position within a layout. The innovative Revealed Preference analysis provides an encouraging degree of support to the Stated Preference results which, reassuringly, can themselves be reconciled with related valuations widely used in the railway industry in Britain and also the findings of the exploratory and attitudinal research. Whilst we are interested here solely in obtaining valuations, we demonstrate how they can be used in demand forecasting.},
keywords = {crowding, rail, seating},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{was-2015-cdyn,
title = {Social Distances Model of Pedestrian Dynamics},
author = {Jarosław Wąs and Bartłomiej Gudowski and Paweł Matuszyk},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
abstract = {The knowledge of phenomena connected with pedestrian dynamics 
is desired in the process of developing public facilities. Nowadays, 
there is a necessity of creating various models which take into consideration 
the microscopic scale of simulation. The presented model describes 
pedestrian dynamics in a certain limited area in the framework of inhomogeneous, 
asynchronous Cellular Automata. The pedestrians are represented 
by ellipses on a square lattice, which implies the necessity of 
taking into account some geometrical constraints for each cell. An innovative 
idea of social distances is introduced into the model - dynamics 
in the model is influenced by the rules of proxemics. As an example, the 
authors present a simulation of pedestrian behavior in a tram.},
howpublished = {unpublished - written for Springer},
keywords = {cellular automata, social distances},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{was-2015b-cdyn,
title = {GPGPU computing for microscopic simulations of crowd dynamics},
author = {Jarosław Was and Hubert Mroz and Pawel Topa},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {COMPUTING AND INFORMATICS},
keywords = {cellular automata, gpgpu, gpu, parallel computation, parallel simulation, social forces},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{xu-2015-cdyn,
title = {An Asynchronous Synchronization Strategy for Parallel Large-scale Agent-based Traffic Simulations},
author = {Yadong Xu and Wentong Cai and Heiko Aydt and Michael Lees and Daniel Zehe},
doi = {10.1145/2769458.2769461},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGSIM Conference on Principles of Advanced Discrete Simulation},
pages = {259--269},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {London, United Kingdom},
series = {SIGSIM PADS '15},
keywords = {parallel computation, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{zhu-2015-cdyn,
title = {Optimal Control of Hybrid Switched Systems: A Brief Survey},
author = {Feng Zhu and Panos J. Antsaklis},
doi = {10.1007/s10626-014-0187-5},
issn = {0924-6703},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Discrete Event Dynamic Systems},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
pages = {345--364},
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
address = {USA},
keywords = {ants, control, hybrid systems},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{wei-2015-cdyn,
title = {Experiment of bi-direction pedestrian flow with three-dimensional cellular automata},
author = {Juan Wei and Hong Zhang and Yangyong Guo and Musong Gu},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2015.01.030},
issn = {0375-9601},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Physics Letters A},
volume = {379},
pages = {1081--1086},
abstract = {In order to effectively depict bi-directional pedestrian flow characteristic in the three-dimensional space, a novel pedestrian model is proposed based on cellular automata. In the model, at first, the calculation formula of target position in the next time step is given according to direction gain and collision gain, and the system evolution rules are defined. Second, the experiment is conducted with the simulation platform to study the relationships of average system velocity, flow, system scale, pedestrian density and stair series for obtaining the bi-directional pedestrian flow characteristic. The results of numerical analysis had shown that when the pedestrian density reached the critical value, the pedestrian flow was changed from free flow status to blocking flow status, and the distribution ratio of bi-directional pedestrians and channel width had great effect on the average system velocity and the flow. Moreover, the more the stair series was, the more obvious the faster-is-slower effect was.},
keywords = {3D},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zhong-2015-cdyn,
title = {Differential evolution with sensitivity analysis and the Powell's method for crowd model calibration},
author = {Jinghui Zhong and Wentong Cai},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2015.04.013},
year  = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Computational Science},
volume = {9},
pages = {26--32},
abstract = {This paper proposes a novel evolutionary algorithm named differential evolution with sensitivity analysis and the Powell's method (DESAP) for model calibration. The proposed DESAP owns three main features. First, an entropy-based sensitivity analysis operation is introduced to dynamically identify important parameters of the model as evolution progresses online. Second, the Powell's method is performed periodically to fine-tune the important parameters of the best individual in the population. Finally, in each generation, the evolutionary operators are performed on a small number of better individuals in the population. These new search mechanisms are integrated into the differential evolution framework to improve the search efficiency. To validate its effectiveness, the proposed DESAP is applied to two crowd model calibration cases. The results demonstrate that the proposed DESAP outperforms several model calibration methods in terms of solution accuracy and search efficiency.},
note = {Computational Science at the Gates of Nature},
keywords = {calibration, pedestrian, sensitivity analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{kretz-2014-cdyn,
title = {Dynamic Assignment in Microsimulations of pedestrian},
author = {Tobias Kretz and Karsten Lehmann and Ingmar Hofsäß and Axel Leonhardt},
doi = {10.13140/RG.2.1.3973.7044},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
keywords = {choice},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{fu-2014-cdyn,
title = {Crowd Simulation for Evacuation Behaviors Based on Multi-agent System and Cellular Automaton},
author = {Y. Fu and J. Liang and Q. Liu and X. Hu},
doi = {10.1109/ICVRV.2014.52},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {2014 International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization},
pages = {103-109},
keywords = {cellular automata},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{hartmann-2014-cdyn,
title = {Efficient dynamic floor field methods for microscopic pedestrian crowd simulations},
author = {Dirk Hartmann and Peter Hasel},
doi = {10.4208/cicp.200513.290114a},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Communications in Computational Physics},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {264--286},
abstract = {Floor field methods are one of the most popular medium-scale navigation concepts in microscopic pedestrian simulators. Recently introduced dynamic floor field methods have increased the realism, i.e. agreement of spatio-temporal patterns of pedestrian densities in simulations and real world observations, of such simulations significantly. These methods update floor fields continuously taking other pedestrians into account. This implies that computational times are mainly determined by the cal- culation of floor fields. In this work, we propose a new computational approach for the construction of dynamic floor fields. The approach is based on the one hand on adaptive grid concepts and on the other hand on a directed calculation of floor fields, i.e. the calculation is restricted to the domain of interest. Combining both techniques the computational complexity can be reduced by a factor of 10 as demonstrated by several realistic scenarios. Thus on-line simulations are possible for moderate realistic scenarios.},
keywords = {cellular automata, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{hirsch-2014-cdyn,
title = {I can sit but I'd rather stand: Commuter's experience of crowdedness and fellow passenger behaviour in carriages on Australian metropolitan trains},
author = {Lily Hirsch and Kirilly Thompson},
url = {http://researchoutputs.unisa.edu.au/11541.2/115420},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {34th Australasian Transport Research Forum, ATRF 2011},
pages = {1--15},
abstract = {For many people in Australia, crowding is a major issue and an unavoidable aspect of their daily rail commute. Australian passenger experiences, perceptions of, and their reactions to crowding are not well understood. To gain an understanding of passenger perceptions and tolerance of railway crowding and the impact of passenger behaviour on the crowding experience, qualitative (Stage 1) and quantitative (Stage 2) fieldwork was undertaken between 2009 and 2010 across the five metropolitan railways in Australia. Some results from Stage 1, a two-part qualitative study are given. This involved ethnographic participant observations on trains in five States and 20 focus groups with a total of 179 Australian rail passengers. Focus group participants discussed their reactions to being in close proximity to others in a closed environment and these are examined. This paper will explore the ways in which passengers experience, tolerate and construct perceptions of crowdedness through both avoidance techniques and interactions with fellow passengers.},
keywords = {ants, empirical, psychology, seating},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{hoskins-2014-cdyn,
title = {Formation of Flow Units During High-rise Building Evacuations},
author = {Bryan L. Hoskins},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.038},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {The Conference in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014},
pages = {385--393},
address = {Delft, The Netherlands},
series = {Transportation Research Procedia},
abstract = {A new concept of a flow unit (people travelling concurrently at the same speed) is introduced to explain the variance in predicted evacuation times that exists when using density correlations. Within the flow units, the first person is found to be setting the pace for the other members of the flow unit. Five different types of flow units are identified based on the behavior of the first person in the flow unit. By properly identifying flow units, the predicted movement speeds of the building occupants are significantly more accurate.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@phdthesis{hrabak-2014-cdyn,
title = {Microstructure of Cellular Models of Systems with Social Interaction},
author = {Pavel Hrabák},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
school = {Czech Technical University in Prague},
keywords = {cellular automata},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@article{hsu-2014-cdyn,
title = {Long-term congestion anticipation and aversion in pedestrian simulation using floor field cellular automata},
author = {Jiun-Jia Hsu and James C. Chu},
doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2014.08.021},
issn = {0968-090X},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {48},
pages = {195--211},
abstract = {Floor field cellular automata (FFCA) models for pedestrian simulation are known for their highly efficient reproduction of important human movement behaviors at operational level. Numerous studies have attempted to extend FFCA, such that it would consider intelligent tactical-level behaviors such as route and destination choice. This study aims to incorporate the long-term congestion anticipation and aversion in the pedestrians choice of destinations and routes into FFCA models. The first contribution of this study is the innovative time-dependent static field, which is represented by a tim-space network. The steps of the proposed methodology include path prediction, congestion identification, and time-dependent travel cost calculation, all of which are demonstrated with several illustrative examples. The local structure of FFCA and its high efficiency can be maintained, because the proposed extension of FFCA is focused on calculating the time-dependent static field. Another contribution of this study is that the key parameters, namely, congestion threshold and percentage of congestion-averse pedestrians, are calibrated with actual data. Finally, the proposed methodology is validated with a numerical example, and the results are satisfactory in terms of departure rate.},
keywords = {floor field, pedestrian, simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{hu-2014-cdyn,
title = {The effects of group and position vacancy on pedestrian evacuation flow model},
author = {Jun Hu and Lei You and Juan Wei and Musong Gu and Ying Liang},
doi = {10.1016/j.physleta.2014.04.020},
issn = {0375-9601},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Physics Letters A},
volume = {378},
pages = {1913--1918},
abstract = {In order to reduce the simulation error of pedestrian evacuation model, a novel three-dimensional cellular automata model was proposed with ladder factor. The calculation formula for transition probability was given in the model based on floor field, position vacancy degree and group attraction, and the evacuation strategy was presented. Meanwhile, the experiment studied the relationships of evacuation time, mean system velocity as well as pedestrian density. The result showed that the evacuation time could be reduced effectively when the mean system velocity and position vacancy had proper degree, and the bigger group had negative effect with the evacuation time, so the bigger group should be avoided in actual evacuation process.},
keywords = {3D, cellular automata, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{isenhoura-2014-cdyn,
title = {Verification of a Pedestrian Simulation Tool Using the NIST Recommended Test Cases},
author = {Michelle L. Isenhour and Rainald Löhner},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.042},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {The Conference in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014},
volume = {2},
pages = {237--245},
series = {Transportation Research Procedia},
abstract = {In an attempt to develop a verification and validation standard for building fire evacuation models, Ronchi et al. (2013) at the United States' National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommended a set of seventeen verification tests. We found that the application of these verification tests allowed us to make rather significant improvements to our simulation code (PEDFLOW) for approximately half of the recommended tests. In some cases, we added capabilities that did not exist before. In other cases, we found anomalous behaviors and adjusted the existing code to remove these unexplained behaviors. This paper summarizes the work on the verification tests, highlighting the lessons learned and modifications made. We also discuss some modifications we recommend to the NIST verification tests, as well as demonstrate how to make these tests suitable for all pedestrian flow models (not just building fire evacuation).},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{johansson-2014-cdyn,
title = {The Many Roles of the Relaxation time Parameter in Force based Models of Pedestrian Dynamics},
author = {Fredrik Johansson and Dorine Duives and Winnie Daamen and Serge Hoogendoorn},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.057},
issn = {2352-1465},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Procedia},
volume = {2},
pages = {300--308},
abstract = {In force based models of pedestrian traffic, the relaxation time, tau, is related to the time it takes a pedestrian to adapt its motion to its preferences. An example of this is linear acceleration, but tau is also connected to how the agent adjusts to spatial variations in its preferred velocity, and affects evasive maneuvers. These many roles of tau may be a problem when calibrating force based models. We compare linear acceleration, to new data on, and simulations of, turning movements. The results indicate that the models predict drifting of a magnitude that is not supported by the data.},
note = {The Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014 (PED 2014), 22-24 October 2014, Delft, The Netherlands},
keywords = {calibration, force-based, pedestrian, simulation, social forces},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kinateder-2014-cdyn,
title = {Social influence in a virtual tunnel fire - Influence of conflicting information on evacuation behavior},
author = {Max Kinateder and Mathias Müller and Michael Jost and Andreas Mühlberger and Paul Pauli},
doi = {10.1016/j.apergo.2014.05.014},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Applied Ergonomics},
volume = {45},
pages = {1649--1659},
abstract = {Evacuation from a smoke filled tunnel requires quick decision-making and swift action from the tunnel occupants. Technical installations such as emergency signage aim to guide tunnel occupants to the closest emergency exits. However, conflicting information may come from the behavior of other tunnel occupants. We examined if and how conflicting social information may affect evacuation in terms of delayed and/or inadequate evacuation decisions and behaviors. To this end, forty participants were repeatedly situated in a virtual reality smoke filled tunnel with an emergency exit visible to one side of the participants. Four social influence conditions were realized. In the control condition participants were alone in the tunnel, while in the other three experimental conditions a virtual agent (VA) was present. In the no-conflict condition, the VA moved to the emergency exit. In the active conflict condition, the VA moved in the opposite direction of the emergency exit. In the passive conflict condition, the VA stayed passive. Participants were less likely to move to the emergency exit in the conflict conditions compared to the no-conflict condition. Pre-movement and movement times in the passive conflict condition were significantly delayed compared to all other conditions. Participants moved the longest distances in the passive conflict condition. These results support the hypothesis that social influence affects evacuation behavior, especially passive behavior of others can thwart an evacuation to safety.},
keywords = {ants, fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{kinateder-2014b-cdyn,
title = {Virtual reality for fire evacuation research},
author = {M. Kinateder and Enrico Ronchi and D. Nilsson and M. Kobes and M. Müller and P. Pauli and A. Mühlberger},
doi = {10.15439/2014F94},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {2014 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems},
pages = {313--321},
abstract = {Virtual reality (VR) has become a popular approach to study human behavior in fire. The present position paper analyses Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) of VR as a research tool for human behavior in fire. Virtual environments provide a maximum of experimental control, are easy to replicate, have relatively high ecological validity, and allow safe study of occupant behavior in scenarios that otherwise would be too dangerous. Lower ecological validity compared to field studies, ergonomic aspects, and technical limitations are the main weaknesses of the method. Increasingly realistic simulations and other technological advances provide new opportunities for this relatively young method. In this position paper, we argue that VR is a promising complementary laboratory tool in the quest to understand human behavior in fire and to improve fire safety.},
keywords = {evacuation, fire, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{klandermans-2014-cdyn,
title = {Comparing street demonstrations},
author = {Bert Klandermans and Jacquelien Stekelenburg and Stefaan Walgrave},
doi = {10.1177/0268580914556125},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {International Socioloogy},
volume = {29},
issue = {6},
pages = {493--503},
publisher = {SAGE Publishing},
abstract = {This introductory article provides a short account of the theoretical framework and the methodological set-up of a comparative study of street demonstrations. The following articles in this issue report results from this study. The data on over 90 street demonstrations and more than 17,000 participants were collected between November 2009 and Summer 2012 in nine different countries: Belgium, Czech Republic, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. This introductory article presents the focal theme of the project --- the impact of contextual variation on mobilization dynamics, the composition of the crowd and the demonstrators' motives. The various contextual layers we are distinguishing are discussed. Following the theoretical framework the methodological set-up is presented. Identical measures and procedures are employed in all individual protest surveys. This introduction discusses the sampling procedures; but as each article concerns a different set of measures, the selection employed is discussed in the individual articles. The introduction concludes with an overview of the articles included.},
keywords = {ants, demonstration, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@mastersthesis{koemtzidis-2014-cdyn,
title = {2 - dimensionale kinetische Simulation granularer Materie: Implementierung und Anwendung},
author = {Athanasios Koemtzidis},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
school = {Hochschule München},
keywords = {differential equations, granular flow, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
@article{liao-2014-cdyn,
title = {Experimental Study on Pedestrian Flow through Wide Bottleneck},
author = {Weichen Liao and Armin Seyfried and Jun Zhang and Maik Boltes and Xiaoping Zheng and Ying Zhao},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.005},
issn = {2352-1465},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Procedia},
volume = {2},
pages = {26--33},
note = {The Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014 (PED 2014), 22-24 October 2014, Delft, The Netherlands},
keywords = {bottleneck, empirical},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{liu-2014-cdyn,
title = {An agent-based microscopic pedestrian flow simulation model for pedestrian traffic problems},
author = {Shaobo Liu and Siuming Lo and Jian Ma and Weili Wang},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS},
volume = {PP},
number = {99},
pages = {1-10},
abstract = {Guaranteeing a safe, efficient, and comfortable traveling system for pedestrians is one of the most important aspects of an intelligent transportation system. The microscopic simulation of pedestrian flow has attracted increasing research attention in recent years since a reliable simulation model for pedestrian flow may greatly benefit engineers and operators in mass transportation management, as well as designers and planners in urban planning and architecture. This paper introduces CityFlow, an agent-based microscopic pedestrian flow simulation model. The building floor plan in the model is represented by a continuous space constructed in a network approach, and each pedestrian is regarded as a self-adapted agent. Agent movement is implemented in a utility maximization approach by considering various human behaviors. The influences of parameters in the model on the simulation results are investigated. Typical pedestrian flow phenomena, including the unidirectional and bidirectional flow in a corridor as well as the flow through bottlenecks, are simulated. The simulation results are further compared with empirical study results. The comparison reveals that the model can approach the density-speed fundamental diagrams and the empirical flow rates at bottlenecks within acceptable system dimensions. The simulation results of the bidirectional pedestrian flow also show that the model can reproduce the lane-formation phenomenon.},
keywords = {agents, calibration, modeling, pedestrian, perception, validation, vision},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{lovreglio-2014-cdyn,
title = {The validation of evacuation simulation models through the analysis of behavioural uncertainty},
author = {Ruggiero Lovreglio and Enrico Ronchi and Dino Borri},
doi = {10.1016/j.ress.2014.07.007},
issn = {0951-8320},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Reliability Engineering & System Safety},
volume = {131},
pages = {166--174},
abstract = {Both experimental and simulation data on fire evacuation are influenced by a component of uncertainty caused by the impact of the unexplained variance in human behaviour, namely behavioural uncertainty (BU). Evacuation model validation studies should include the study of this type of uncertainty during the comparison of experiments and simulation results. An evacuation model validation procedure is introduced in this paper to study the impact of BU. This methodology is presented through a case study for the comparison between repeated experimental data and simulation results produced by FDS+Evac, an evacuation model for the simulation of human behaviour in fire, which makes use of distribution laws.},
keywords = {evacuation, fire, modeling, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{marschler-2014-cdyn,
title = {Equation-Free Analysis of Macroscopic Behavior in Traffic and Pedestrian Flow},
author = {Christian Marschler and Jan Sieber and Poul G. Hjorth and Jens Starke},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {arXiv},
volume = {1402.0314},
number = {v1},
abstract = {Equation-free methods make possible an analysis of the evolution of a few coarse-grained or macroscopic quantities for a detailed and realistic model with a large number of fine-grained or microscopic variables, even though no equations are explicitly given on the macroscopic level. This will facilitate a study of how the model behavior depends on parameter values including an understanding of transitions between different types of qualitative behavior. These methods are introduced and explained for traffic jam formation and emergence of oscillatory pedestrian counter flow in a corridor with a narrow door.},
keywords = {equation-free, modeling, pedestrian, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{martinez-gil-2014-cdyn,
title = {MARL-Ped: A multi-agent reinforcement learning based framework to simulate pedestrian groups},
author = {Francisco Martinez-Gil and Migual Lozano and Fernando Fernández},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory},
abstract = {Pedestrian simulation is complex because there are different levels of behavior modeling. 
At the lowest level, local interactions between agents occur; at the middle level, strategic 
and tactical behaviors appear like overtakings or route choices; and at the highest level 
path-planning is necessary. The agent-based pedestrian simulators either focus on a specific level (mainly in the lower one) or define strategies like the layered architectures to 
independently manage the different behavioral levels. In our Multi-Agent Reinforcement-Learning-based Pedestrian simulation framework (MARL-Ped) the situation is 
addressed as a whole. Each embodied agent uses a model-free Reinforcement Learning 
(RL) algorithm to learn autonomously to navigate in the virtual environment. The main 
goal of this work is to demonstrate empirically that MARL-Ped generates learned behaviors 
adapted to the level required by the pedestrian scenario. Three different experiments, 
described in the pedestrian modeling literature, are presented to test our approach: (i) 
election of the shortest path vs. quickest path; (ii) a crossing between two groups of pedestrians walking in opposite directions inside a narrow corridor; (iii) two agents that move in 
opposite directions inside a maze. The results show that MARL-Ped solves the different 
problems, learning individual behaviors with characteristics of pedestrians (local control 
that produces adequate fundamental diagrams, route-choice capability, emergence of 
collective behaviors and path-planning). Besides, we compared our model with that of Helbing's social forces, a well-known model of pedestrians, showing similarities between the 
pedestrian dynamics generated by both approaches. These results demonstrate empirically 
that MARL-Ped generates variate plausible behaviors, producing human-like macroscopic 
pedestrian flow.},
keywords = {pedestrian, reinforcement learning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{mroz-2014b-cdyn,
title = {Discrete vs. Continuous Approach in Crowd Dynamics Modeling Using GPU Computing},
author = {Hubert Mroz and Jaroslaw Was},
doi = {10.1080/01969722.2014.862104},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Cybernetics and Systems},
volume = {45},
number = {1},
pages = {25-38},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
keywords = {cellular automata, gpgpu, gpu, parallel computation, parallel simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{dietrich-2014,
title = {Gradient navigation model for pedestrian dynamics},
author = {Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.89.062801},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {89},
number = {6},
pages = {062801},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{seitz-2014b,
title = {How update schemes influence crowd simulations},
author = {Michael J Seitz and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1088/1742-5468/2014/07/P07002},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
volume = {2014},
number = {7},
pages = {P07002},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{seitz-2014,
title = {Pedestrian Group Behavior in a Cellular Automaton},
author = {Michael Seitz and Gerta Köster and Alexander Pfaffinger},
editor = {Ulrich Weidmann and Uwe Kirsch and Michael Schreckenberg},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-02447-9-67},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2012},
pages = {807--814},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{dietrich-2014b,
title = {Bridging the gap: From cellular automata to differential equation models for pedestrian dynamics},
author = {Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster and Michael Seitz and Isabella von Sivers},
doi = {10.1016/j.jocs.2014.06.005},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Computational Science},
volume = {5},
number = {5},
pages = {841--846},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{sivers-2014b-cdyn,
title = {Humans do not always act selfishly: Social identity and helping in emergency evacuation simulation},
author = {Isabella von Sivers and Anne Templeton and Gerta Köster and John Drury and Andrew Philippides},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.099},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {The Conference in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014},
pages = {585--593},
address = {Delft, The Netherlands},
series = {Transportation Research Procedia},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{reuter-2014-cdyn,
title = {On Modeling Groups in Crowds: Empirical Evidence and Simulation Results Including Large Groups},
author = {Verena Reuter and Benjamin S Bergner and Gerta Köster and Michael Seitz and Franz Treml and Dirk Hartmann},
editor = {Ulrich Weidmann and Uwe Kirsch and Michael Schreckenberg},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-02447-9-70},
isbn = {978-3-319-02446-2},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2012},
pages = {835--845},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{seitz-2014-cdyn,
title = {Pedestrian Group Behavior in a Cellular Automaton},
author = {Michael Seitz and Gerta Köster and Alexander Pfaffinger},
editor = {Ulrich Weidmann and Uwe Kirsch and Michael Schreckenberg},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-02447-9-67},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2012},
pages = {807--814},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
keywords = {cellular automata},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{seitz-2014b-cdyn,
title = {How update schemes influence crowd simulations},
author = {Michael J Seitz and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1088/1742-5468/2014/07/P07002},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
volume = {2014},
number = {7},
pages = {P07002},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{seitz-2014c-cdyn,
title = {A study of pedestrian stepping behaviour for crowd simulation},
author = {Michael J Seitz and Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.054},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {The Conference in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014},
pages = {282--290},
address = {Delft, The Netherlands},
series = {Transportation Research Procedia},
keywords = {stepping},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{sivers-2014-cdyn,
title = {How Stride Adaptation in Pedestrian Models Improves Navigation},
author = {Isabella von Sivers and Gerta Köster},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.7838v1},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {arXiv},
volume = {1401.7838},
number = {v1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{sivers-2014c-cdyn,
title = {Psychology Meets Computer Science: Impact of Social Identity on Pedestrian Simulation},
author = {Isabella von Sivers and Anne Templeton and Gerta Köster and John Drury},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {4th International PhD-Symposium for Applied Sciences},
address = {Munich, Germany},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{sivers-2014d-cdyn,
title = {Dynamic Stride Length Adaptation According to Utility And Personal Space},
author = {Isabella von Sivers and Gerta Köster},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.7838v2},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {arXiv},
volume = {1401.7838},
number = {v2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{dietrich-2014-cdyn,
title = {Gradient navigation model for pedestrian dynamics},
author = {Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.89.062801},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {89},
number = {6},
pages = {062801},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{dietrich-2014b-cdyn,
title = {Bridging the gap: From cellular automata to differential equation models for pedestrian dynamics},
author = {Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster and Michael Seitz and Isabella von Sivers},
doi = {10.1016/j.jocs.2014.06.005},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Computational Science},
volume = {5},
number = {5},
pages = {841--846},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{dietrich-submitted-cdyn,
title = {Gradient Navigation Model for Pedestrian Dynamics},
author = {Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {arXiv},
volume = {1401.0451},
number = {v1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{koster-2014-cdyn,
title = {Validation of Crowd Models Including Social Groups},
author = {Gerta Köster and Franz Treml and Michael Seitz and Wolfram Klein},
editor = {Ulrich Weidmann and Uwe Kirsch and Michael Schreckenberg},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-02447-9-87},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2012},
pages = {1051--1063},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
keywords = {group, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{koster-2014b-cdyn,
title = {Queuing at Bottlenecks Using a Dynamic Floor Field for Navigation},
author = {Gerta Köster and Benedikt Zönnchen},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.029},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {The Conference in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014},
journal = {Transport Research Procedia},
pages = {344--352},
address = {Delft, The Netherlands},
series = {Transportation Research Procedia},
abstract = {We incorporate dynamic medium scale navigation in pedestrian motion models to avoid pedestrian groups and, as a new contri- bution, to obtain realistic queue formation in front of bottlenecks. A floor field stands for the utility of a pedestrian's location. Pedestrian agglomerations decrease utility unless the target can only be reached by queuing. Then the utility function is manipu- lated so that the utility is high in a corridor leading through the middle of the queue. In addition we present a reliable measure for density using a Gaussian function and apply filtering techniques from image processing to efficiently integrate densities over space.},
keywords = {queues},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{arita-2014-cdyn,
title = {The Dynamics of Waiting: The Exclusive Queueing Process},
author = {Chikashi Arita and Andreas Schadschneider},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.012},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Procedia},
volume = {2},
pages = {87--95},
note = {The Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014 (PED 2014), 22-24 October 2014, Delft, The Netherlands},
keywords = {queues},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{bandini-2014-cdyn,
title = {Modelling negative interactions among pedestrians in high density situations},
author = {Stefania Bandini and Matteo Mondini and Giuseppe Vizzari},
doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2013.12.007},
issn = {0968-090X},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {40},
number = {0},
pages = {251--270},
abstract = {Situations characterised by the presence of a high density of pedestrians involved in negative interactions (e.g. flows in opposite directions) often represent a problematic scenario for simulation models, especially those taking a discrete approach to the representation and management of spatial aspects of the environment. While these situations can be relatively infrequent, and even if architects, event organisers and crowd managers actually try to prevent them as much as possible, they simply cannot be neglected and they actually represent interesting situations to be analysed by means of simulation. The paper presents specific extensions to a floor-field Cellular Automata pedestrian model that are specifically aimed at supporting the simulation of high density situations comprising negative interactions among pedestrians without incurring in the traditional limits of discrete approaches. The models are formally described and experimented in experimental and real world situations.},
keywords = {agent-based},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{bandini-2014c-cdyn,
title = {Towards an integrated approach to crowd analysis and crowd synthesis: A case study and first results},
author = {Stefania Bandini and Andrea Gorrini and Giuseppe Vizzari},
doi = {10.1016/j.patrec.2013.10.003},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Pattern Recognition Letters},
volume = {44},
pages = {16--29},
abstract = {Studies related to crowds of pedestrians, both those of theoretical nature and application oriented ones, have generally focused on either the analysis or the synthesis of the phenomena related to the interplay between individual pedestrians, each characterised by goals, preferences and potentially relevant relationships with others, and the environment in which they are situated. The cases in which these activities have been systematically integrated for a mutual benefit are still very few compared to the corpus of crowd related literature. This paper presents a case study of an integrated approach to the definition of an innovative model for pedestrian and crowd simulation (on the side of synthesis) that was actually motivated and supported by the analyses of empirical data acquired from both experimental settings and observations in real world scenarios. In particular, we will introduce a model for the adaptive behaviour of pedestrians that are also members of groups, that strive to maintain their cohesion even in difficult (e.g., high density) situations. The paper will show how the synthesis phase also provided inputs to the analysis of empirical data, in a virtuous circle.},
keywords = {calibration, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{bode-2014-cdyn,
title = {Human responses to multiple sources of directional information in virtual crowd evacuations},
author = {Nikolai W. F. Bode and Armel U. Kemloh Wagoum and Edward A. Codling},
doi = {10.1098/rsif.2013.0904},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
volume = {11},
number = {91},
pages = {20130904},
abstract = {The evacuation of crowds from buildings or vehicles is one example that highlights the importance of understanding how individual-level interactions and decision-making combine and lead to the overall behaviour of crowds. In particular, to make evacuations safer, we need to understand how individuals make movement decisions in crowds. Here, we present an evacuation experiment with over 500 participants testing individual behaviour in an interactive virtual environment. Participants had to choose between different exit routes under the influence of three different types of directional information: static information (signs), dynamic information (movement of simulated crowd) and memorized information, as well as the combined effect of these different sources of directional information. In contrast to signs, crowd movement and memorized information did not have a significant effect on human exit route choice in isolation. However, when we combined the latter two treatments with additional directly conflicting sources of directional information, for example signs, they showed a clear effect by reducing the number of participants that followed the opposing directional information. This suggests that the signals participants observe more closely in isolation do not simply overrule alternative sources of directional information. Age and gender did not consistently explain differences in behaviour in our experiments.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{boos-2014-cdyn,
title = {Leadership in Moving Human Groups},
author = {Margarete Boos and Johannes Pritz and Simon Lange and Michael Belz},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1003541},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003541},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {PLoS Comput Biol},
volume = {10},
number = {4},
pages = {1--9},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
abstract = {Our article gives empirical evidence of group coordination mechanisms and basic rules of leadership that assist in leading a human group. Using a computer-based multi-client game that blocks explicit signals or other typical human information transfer, we offer a model of human group movement patterns applicable to group scenarios such as emergency, rescue, and sports where inter-individual communication is hindered but the reading of movement is still possible. Results show that even in these communication-restricted situations, movement of an informed minority that is efficient and consistent can effectively pull the majority towards a target goal.</p>},
keywords = {group, pedestrian, psychology, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{bruegmann-2014-cdyn,
title = {A verifiable simulation model for real-world microscopic traffic simulations},
author = {J. Brügmann and M. Schreckenberg and W. Luther},
doi = {10.1016/j.simpat.2014.07.002},
issn = {1569-190X},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory},
volume = {48},
pages = {58--92},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
keywords = {traffic, transportation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@incollection{bukacek-2014-cdyn,
title = {Cellular Model of Pedestrian Dynamics with Adaptive Time Span},
author = {Marek Bukáček and Pavel Hrabák and Milan Krbálek},
editor = {Roman Wyrzykowski and Jack Dongarra and Konrad Karczewski and Jerzy Waśniewski},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-55195-6_63},
isbn = {978-3-642-55194-9},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics},
volume = {8385},
pages = {669--678},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin Heidelberg},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
keywords = {experiment, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
@article{choi-2014-cdyn,
title = {Individual Stair Ascent and Descent Walk Speeds Measured in a Korean High-Rise Building},
author = {Jun-Ho Choi and Edwin Richard Galea and Won-Hwa Hong},
doi = {10.1007/s10694-013-0371-4},
issn = {1572-8099},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Fire Technology},
volume = {50},
number = {2},
pages = {267--295},
abstract = {The purpose of this study was to collect and analyze individual unimpeded stair ascent and descent walk speeds for the Korean population. To collect these data, a full-scale experiment was conducted in a 50-storey residential building in Korea involving 30 male and 30 female participants with an average age of 23.4 years. Each participant was required to ascend 50 floors and after a suitable rest period was then required to descend 50 floors using the stairs. Arrival times on each floor were recorded using video cameras, allowing floor by floor walk speeds to be determined and to assess whether fatigue affected the descent/ascent. The average descent speed for the male and female population was 0.83 m/s and 0.74 m/s, respectively, while the average ascent speed was 0.66 m/s and 0.48 m/s. However, there was no significant relationship between body mass index and stair walk speed or unimpeded horizontal walk speed and stair walk speed. During the descent, 50% of the population displayed a decrease in the walk speed over the final half of the descent with a maximum decrease of some 19%. However, some 50% of the population increased their travel speed during the final half of the descent. During the ascent, all participants decreased their speed over the first 20 floors by an average of approximately 60%. Implications of these findings for evacuation modeling/simulation are discussed.},
keywords = {ants, empirical, fire, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{chraibi-2014-cdyn,
title = {Oscillating behavior within the social force model},
author = {Mohcine Chraibi},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {arXiv},
howpublished = {arXiv},
keywords = {mathematics, modeling, social forces},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{collins-2014-cdyn,
title = {Do Groups Matter? An Agent-based Modeling Approach to Pedestrian Egress},
author = {Andrew Collins and Terra Elzie and Erika Frydenlund and R. Michael Robinson},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.051},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Procedia},
volume = {2},
pages = {430--435},
abstract = {Festivals in city parks attended by individuals and families are a universal feature of urban life. These venues often have the common attributes of vendors and other obstacles that restrict pedestrian movement through certain areas, as well as fixed number of exits. In this study, the authors build an agent-based model (ABM) that incorporates group cohesion forces into this type of pedestrian egress scenario. The scenario considered was an evacuation of 500 people through a single exit. This allowed an investigation into the use of two different simulated pedestrian's heading updating rules.},
note = {The Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014 (PED 2014), 22-24 October 2014, Delft, The Netherlands},
keywords = {evacuation, forward propagation, group, pedestrian, sensitivity analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@book{cristiani-2014-cdyn,
title = {Multiscale Modeling of Pedestrian Dynamics},
author = {Emiliano Cristiani and Benedetto Piccoli and Andrea Tosin},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-06620-2},
isbn = {978-3-319-06620-2},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
volume = {12},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
edition = {1st},
series = {Modeling, Simulation and Applications},
abstract = {This book presents mathematical models and numerical simulations of crowd dynamics. The core topic is the development of a new multiscale paradigm, which bridges the microscopic and macroscopic scales taking the most from each of them for capturing the relevant clues of complexity of crowds. The background idea is indeed that most of the complex trends exhibited by crowds are due to an intrinsic interplay between individual and collective behaviors. The modeling approach promoted in this book pursues actively this intuition and profits from it for designing general mathematical structures susceptible of application also in fields different from the inspiring original one. The book considers also the two most traditional points of view: the microscopic one, in which pedestrians are tracked individually and the macroscopic one, in which pedestrians are assimilated to a continuum. Selected existing models are critically analyzed. The work is addressed to researchers and graduate students.},
keywords = {agents, hybrid, informatics, macroscopic, mathematics, microscopic, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@article{Fernandez2014-cdyn,
title = {Auto-adaptative Laplacian Pyramids for High-dimensional Data Analysis},
author = {Ángela Fernández and Neta Rabin and Dalia Fishelov and José R. Dorronsoro},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.6594},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
urldate = {2019-12-22},
journal = {arXiv:1311.6594 [cs, stat]},
abstract = {Non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques such as manifold learning algorithms have become a common way for processing and analyzing high-dimensional patterns that often have attached a target that corresponds to the value of an unknown function. Their application to new points consists in two steps: first, embedding the new data point into the low dimensional space and then, estimating the function value on the test point from its neighbors in the embedded space.},
note = {arXiv: 1311.6594},
keywords = {animal, fish, manifold, mathematics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{foias-2014-cdyn,
title = {A unified approach to determining forms for the 2D Navier-Stokes equations -- the general interpolants case},
author = {Ciprian Foias and Michael S. Jolly and Rostzslav Kravchenko and Edriss S. Titi},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/RM2014v069n02ABEH004891},
doi = {10.1070/rm2014v069n02abeh004891},
issn = {1468-4829},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Russ. Math. Surv.},
volume = {69},
number = {2},
pages = {359--381},
publisher = {Turpion-Moscow Limited},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{noren-2014-cdyn,
title = {Ascending Stair Evacuation: What do We Know?},
author = {Johan Norén and Mattias Delin and Karl Fridolf},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.087},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {The Conference in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014},
pages = {774--782},
address = {Delft, The Netherlands},
series = {Transportation Research Procedia},
abstract = {During ascending evacuation in long stairs, there is reason to believe that factors such as physical exhaustion, human behaviour and the mental state will influence the possibility of satisfactory evacuation and affect walking speed and flow rate of people. Based on these hypotheses, a research project was initiated. As a part of the project, an initial literature study has been conducted. The literature study has made an attempt to summarize the most important findings of previous research about physical exhaustion and design of stairs for ascending evacuation in long stairs. This paper presents the findings from the literature study.},
keywords = {stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{qiang-2014-cdyn,
title = {Reducing airplane boarding time by accounting for passengers' individual properties: A simulation based on cellular automaton},
author = {Sheng-Jie Qiang and Bin Jia and Dong-Fan Xie and Zi-You Gao},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2014.05.007},
issn = {0969-6997},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Air Transport Management},
volume = {40},
pages = {42--47},
abstract = {The increase of air travel puts tremendous burden on airline companies. A time saving boarding strategy is required to improve the utilization of airplane boarding time and explore flexible time management strategies. Firstly, an improved boarding strategy is introduced by assigning individual passengers to seats based on the number of luggage they carry. Passengers with the most luggage board onto the plane first. To test the behavior of boarding strategies under different conditions, a sophisticated simulation environment based on cellular automata model is designed. Simulation results indicate that the improved boarding strategy shows an excellent efficiency and robustness comparing with other strategies.},
keywords = {airplane},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{qu-2014-cdyn,
title = {Modeling the pedestrian's movement and simulating evacuation dynamics on stairs},
author = {Yunchao Qu and Ziyou Gao and Yao Xiao and Xingang Li},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2014.05.016},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {70},
pages = {189--201},
abstract = {This paper presents an enhanced social force model to describe the pedestrian's movement and evacuation dynamics on stairs. Compared with original models that described the pedestrian's planar motion, our model introduces some mechanisms of the staircase movement, such as the influence of staircase geometry, the restriction of the step size and the optimal velocity selection. The body shape of each pedestrian is regarded as a set of three circles to precisely quantify the movement. In addition, the rotation dynamics are included into the model to describe the congestion effect. The improved model can obtain individual velocity under different staircase geometries and the flow characteristics of the evacuation dynamics. Some empirical data and a series of observations captured in two subway stations in Beijing are applied to study the characteristics and further validate the model. The results show that our model performs well consistent with the observed data. At last, simulations are implemented to find the solutions of estimating the evacuation time and evaluating the capacity of stair.},
keywords = {flow, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ran-2014-cdyn,
title = {Influences of intelligent evacuation guidance system on crowd evacuation in building fire},
author = {Haichao Ran and Lihua Sun and Xiaozhi Gao},
doi = {10.1016/j.autcon.2013.10.022},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Automation in Construction},
volume = {41},
pages = {78--82},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{schaefer-2014-cdyn,
title = {Applying Persona Method for Describing Users of Escape Routes},
author = {Christina Schäfer and Robert Zinke and Laura Künzer and Gesine Hofinger and Rainer Koch},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.106},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Procedia},
volume = {2},
pages = {636--641},
abstract = {Subways are an important means of transport and stations can be filled with thousands of passengers at a time and have limited 
space for movement. In emergencies such as fire, the life of passengers is at high risk. But not only spatial restrictions of escape 
routes, also passenger characteristics are important. Subway passengers differ widely in their motivation and individual behavior. 
In this paper, we present a method offering a more elaborate approach for including characteristics, the Persona method. In this 
case the results of field studies, passenger counts, interviews and literature review led to the description of different Personas.},
note = {The Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014 (PED 2014), 22-24 October 2014, Delft, The Netherlands},
keywords = {behavior, escape route, evacuation, fire, persona method, psychology, subway systems, user-centered design},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{schroeder-2014-cdyn,
title = {High parametric CFD-analysis of fire scenarios in underground train stations using statistical methods and climate modelling},
author = {Benjamin Schröder and Lukas Arnold and Sven Schmidt and Markus Brüne and Andreas Meunders},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {10th International Conference on Performance Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@incollection{sigalotti-2014-cdyn,
title = {Theoretical Physics of Granular Fluids and Solids},
author = {Leonardo Trujillo and Leonardo Di. G. Sigalotti},
editor = {Leonardo Di G. Sigalotti and Jaime Klapp and Eloy Sira},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-00191-3_8},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {Computational and Experimental Fluid Mechanics with Applications to Physics, Engineering and the Environment},
pages = {165--91},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
series = {Environmental Science and Engineering},
abstract = {Here we present a brief introduction to some theoretical ideas for granular matter. We start by reviewing the physical properties and constraints of granular materials. We then outline some approaches towards a thermodynamics for granular materials. We analyze the grain flow as a fluid mechanical phenomenon, with a brief introduction to the kinetic theory of inelastically colliding hard particles. We present a nonlinear theory of elasticity for granular solids. Finally, we briefly discuss the problem of formulating continuous field equations in discrete particulate systems and no--local constitutive relations.},
keywords = {granular flow, physics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
@inproceedings{sivers-2014b-cdynb,
title = {Humans do not always act selfishly: Social identity and helping in emergency evacuation simulation},
author = {Isabella Sivers and Anne Templeton and Gerta Köster and John Drury and Andrew Philippides},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.099},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {The Conference in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014},
pages = {585--593},
address = {Delft, The Netherlands},
series = {Transportation Research Procedia},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@conference{starke-2014-cdyn,
title = {Nonlinear Effects in Examples of Crowd Evacuation Scenarios},
author = {Jens Starke and Kristian Berg Thomsen and Asger Soerensen and Christian Marschler and Frank Schilder and Anne Dederichs and Poul Hjorth},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {IEEE 17th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), October 8-11, 2014,Qingdao, China},
address = {Qingdao, China},
abstract = {Severe accidents with many fatalities have occurred when too many pedestrians had to maneuver in too tight surroundings, as during evacuations of mass events. This demonstrates the importance of a better general understanding of pedestrians and emergent complex behavior in crowds. To this end, we develop both a new microscopic agent-based pedestrian model and also study simplified evacuation scenarios which permit the isolation of relevant nonlinear effects and their systematic investigation. We concentrate on two effects: First, the influence of the position and size of an obstacle in front of an emergency exit on the flux through the exit, and second, the influence of other pedestrians on the route choice of an individual. The first investigation demonstrates the possibility of improving substantially the flow through an exit by placing an obstacle in a suitable way in front of it. The latter shows clearly bistable states and hysteresis effects, indicating the existence of unstable pedestrian flow states in addition to the stable states. Furthermore, this set-up is an example of a radical change of the pedestrian flux by only a small change in the geometry of the evacuation scenario. The results motivate further investigation and eventually engineering use by optimizing the design of large buildings, stations, airports and stadiums for mass events.},
keywords = {microscopic, modeling, nonlinear, pedestrian, stability},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{stubenschrott-2014-cdyn,
title = {A Dynamic Pedestrian Route Choice Model Validated in a High Density Subway Station},
author = {Martin stubenschrott and Christian Kogler and Thomas Matyus and Stefan Seer},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.036},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Procedia},
volume = {2},
pages = {376-384},
keywords = {control, crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{twarogowska-2014-cdyn,
title = {Comparative Study of Macroscopic Pedestrian Models},
author = {Monika Twarogowska and Paola Goatin and Regis Duvigneau},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.063},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Procedia},
volume = {2},
number = {Supplement C},
pages = {477--485},
abstract = {We analyze numerically some macroscopic models of pedestrian motion to compare their capabilities of reproducing characteristic features of crowd behavior, such as travel times minimization and crowded zones avoidance, as well as complex dynamics like stop-and-go waves and clogging at bottlenecks. We compare Hughes' model with different running costs, a variant with local dependency on the density gradient proposed in Xia et al. (2009), and a second order model derived from the Payne-Whitham traffic model which has first been analyzed in Jiang et al. (2010). In particular, our study shows that first order models are incapable of reproducing stop-and-go waves and blocking at exits.},
note = {The Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014 (PED 2014), 22-24 October 2014, Delft, The Netherlands},
keywords = {crowd dynamics, eikonal equation, evacuation, macroscopic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{wagner-2014-cdyn,
title = {An agent-based simulation system for concert venue crowd evacuation modeling in the presence of a fire disaster},
author = {Neal Wagner and Vikas Agrawal},
doi = {10.1016/j.eswa.2013.10.013},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Expert Systems with Applications},
volume = {41},
number = {6},
pages = {2807--2815},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{wang-2014-cdyn,
title = {Microscopic modeling of pedestrian movement behavior: Interacting with visual attractors in the environment},
author = {W. L. Wang and S. M. Lo and S. B. Liu and H. Kuang},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968090X14000813},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2014.03.009},
issn = {0968-090X},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {44},
pages = {21--33},
abstract = {Goal-directed pedestrian movement behavior is extensively studied by researchers from varied fields, but pedestrians movement actions such as impulse stops resulting from exploratory movement behavior receive little attention. To understand this, an effective tool that can reveal the attractive interactions between pedestrians and attractors in the environment is needed. This study introduces an agent-based microscopic pedestrian simulation model CityFlow-U. To determine whether a pedestrian would stop for visual attractors, factors of attractors attractiveness, distance to the attractor as well as the visibility of the attractor from current location of the agent are considered. By analyzing the parameters in this model, we have successfully revealed different pedestrian movement modes, attractor preferences and movement trajectories in a notional setting. The reliability of the model is then demonstrated with a simulation scenario targeting at a circulation region of a shopping mall in Hong Kong. Observational data is used for model input and the number changes of attracted pedestrians in front of a major attractor are compared between simulation results and empirical video data. Results from the parameter analysis and simulation scenario show that the model is flexible and can benefit in real applications such as shop arrangement as well as street furniture placement.},
keywords = {pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{was-2014-cdyn,
title = {Towards realistic and effective agent-based models of crowd dynamics},
author = {Jarosław Wąs and Robert Luba's},
doi = {10.1016/j.neucom.2014.04.057},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Neurocomputing},
volume = {146},
pages = {199--209},
abstract = {The authors propose a new methodology for creating realistic and effective models of crowd dynamics, which 
takes into account the agent-based approach combined with non-homogeneous and asynchronous cellular 
automata.The proposed methodology makes it possible to model pedestrians' dynamics in complex 
environments, like stadiums or shopping centers, and enables mimicking of the pedestrians' complex 
decision making process on different levels: strategic and tactical/operational. Onthe othe rhand, the use of 
the agent-based approach makes it possible to apply different scenarios and situational contexts, namely 
competitive and non-competitive evacuation or free movement of pedestrians. The proposed approach was 
tested in large-scale test cases, namely the evacuation of the Allianz Arena football stadiumin Munich and 
other stadiums like Wisla Krakow Stadium or GKSTychy Stadium, as well as AGH University facilities},
keywords = {agent-based, crowd, modeling, social distances},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zawidzki-2014b-cdyn,
title = {Crowd-Z: The user-friendly framework for crowd simulation on an architectural floor plan},
author = {Machi Zawidzki and Mohcine Chraibi and Katsuhiro Nishinari},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167865513004170},
doi = {10.1016/j.patrec.2013.10.025},
issn = {0167-8655},
year  = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Pattern Recognition Letters},
volume = {44},
pages = {88--97},
abstract = {This paper introduces Crowd-Z (CZ): a framework that provides a user-friendly platform where architects can perform simple crowd simulations on floor plans. A simple but robust and flexible agent-based system is used for modeling of the crowd dynamics. Such simulations can be performed at any stage of design - from rough sketches to the final blueprints. CZ allows acquiring the layouts for the simulations in a number of ways: freehand sketches, importing already prepared images and appropriating preprocessed images from commercially available Computer Aided Design programs. These three methods are illustrated with practical examples, followed by a number of simulations compared with the literature or other commercially available programs.},
note = {Pattern Recognition and Crowd Analysis},
keywords = {pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@mastersthesis{zoennchen-2013,
title = {Navigation around pedestrian groups and queueing using a dynamic adaption of traveling},
author = {Benedikt Zönnchen},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-09-01},
school = {Hochschule München},
abstract = {Is there a way to influence the medium scale navigation of pedestrians by taking other pedestrians into account and how can this phenomenon increase the realism of the simulation? Inspired by Dirk Hartmann, the Optimal Steps Model, which was developed at the University of Applied Sciences Munich, is extended to navigation around pedestrain groups and queueing. In his contribution, Dirk Hartmann considers a new method for dynamic medium scale navigation in microscopic pedestrian simulation. The central idea is to replace the constant speed function F = 1 in the Eikonal equation by a speed function that depends on the local density. A new contribution is to calculate potential differentials to consider the influence of walking direction and walking speed on navigation behavior. Another important part of this work is a first contribution to forced-based modelling of queueing. The idea is to increase the speed F for areas with a high local pedestrian density. An adequate definition of density is required and has to be discussed. It will be shown that the measurement of the density can be done efficiently using image processing techniques.},
howpublished = {Bachelor's thesis, University of Applied Sciences Munich},
keywords = {calibration, evacuation, informatics, mathematics, modeling, pedestrian, potentials, traffic, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
@article{koster-2013,
title = {Avoiding numerical pitfalls in social force models},
author = {Gerta Köster and Franz Treml and Marion Gödel},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.87.063305},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {87},
number = {6},
pages = {063305},
abstract = {The social force model of Helbing and Molnár is one of the best known approaches to simulate pedestrian motion, a collective phenomenon with nonlinear dynamics. It is based on the idea that the Newtonian laws of motion mostly carry over to pedestrian motion so that human trajectories can be computed by solving a set of ordinary differential equations for velocity and acceleration. The beauty and simplicity of this ansatz are strong reasons for its wide spread. However, the numerical implementation is not without pitfalls. Oscillations, collisions, and instabilities occur even for very small step sizes. Classic solution ideas from molecular dynamics do not apply to the problem because the system is not Hamiltonian despite its source of inspiration. Looking at the model through the eyes of a mathematician, however, we realize that the right hand side of the differential equation is nondifferentiable and even discontinuous at critical locations. This produces undesirable behavior in the exact solution and, at best, severe loss of accuracy in efficient numerical schemes even in short range simulations. We suggest a very simple mollified version of the social force model that conserves the desired dynamic properties of the original many-body system but elegantly and cost efficiently resolves several of the issues concerning stability and numerical resolution.},
keywords = {differential equations, modeling, numerics, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{davidich-2013-cdyn,
title = {Predicting Pedestrian Flow: A Methodology and a Proof of Concept Based on Real-Life Data},
author = {Maria Davidich and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0083355},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {8},
number = {12},
pages = {1--11},
abstract = {Building a reliable predictive model of pedestrian motion is very challenging: Ideally, such models should be based on observations made in both controlled experiments and in real-world environments. De facto, models are rarely based on real-world observations due to the lack of available data; instead, they are largely based on intuition and, at best, literature values and laboratory experiments. Such an approach is insufficient for reliable simulations of complex real-life scenarios: For instance, our analysis of pedestrian motion under natural conditions at a major German railway station reveals that the values for free-flow velocities and the flow-density relationship differ significantly from widely used literature values. It is thus necessary to calibrate and validate the model against relevant real-life data to make it capable of reproducing and predicting real-life scenarios. In this work we aim at constructing such realistic pedestrian stream simulation. Based on the analysis of real-life data, we present a methodology that identifies key parameters and interdependencies that enable us to properly calibrate the model. The success of the approach is demonstrated for a benchmark model, a cellular automaton. We show that the proposed approach significantly improves the reliability of the simulation and hence the potential prediction accuracy. The simulation is validated by comparing the local density evolution of the measured data to that of the simulated data. We find that for our model the most sensitive parameters are: the source-target distribution of the pedestrian trajectories, the schedule of pedestrian appearances in the scenario and the mean free-flow velocity. Our results emphasize the need for real-life data extraction and analysis to enable predictive simulations.},
keywords = {calibration, cellular automata, modeling, pedestrian, statistics, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{koster-2013-cdyn,
title = {Avoiding numerical pitfalls in social force models},
author = {Gerta Köster and Franz Treml and Marion Gödel},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.87.063305},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {87},
number = {6},
pages = {063305},
abstract = {The social force model of Helbing and Molnár is one of the best known approaches to simulate pedestrian motion, a collective phenomenon with nonlinear dynamics. It is based on the idea that the Newtonian laws of motion mostly carry over to pedestrian motion so that human trajectories can be computed by solving a set of ordinary differential equations for velocity and acceleration. The beauty and simplicity of this ansatz are strong reasons for its wide spread. However, the numerical implementation is not without pitfalls. Oscillations, collisions, and instabilities occur even for very small step sizes. Classic solution ideas from molecular dynamics do not apply to the problem because the system is not Hamiltonian despite its source of inspiration. Looking at the model through the eyes of a mathematician, however, we realize that the right hand side of the differential equation is nondifferentiable and even discontinuous at critical locations. This produces undesirable behavior in the exact solution and, at best, severe loss of accuracy in efficient numerical schemes even in short range simulations. We suggest a very simple mollified version of the social force model that conserves the desired dynamic properties of the original many-body system but elegantly and cost efficiently resolves several of the issues concerning stability and numerical resolution.},
keywords = {differential equations, modeling, numerics, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{sivers-2013b-cdyn,
title = {Realistic Stride Length Adaptation in the Optimal Steps Model},
author = {Isabella von Sivers and Gerta Köster},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '13},
address = {Jülich, Germany},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@inproceedings{davidich-2013c-cdyn,
title = {A Methodological Approach to Adjustment of Pedestrian Simulations to Live Scenarios},
author = {Maria Davidich and Gerta Köster},
editor = {Valery V Kozlov and Alexander P Buslaev and Alexander S Bugaev and Marina V Yashina and Andreas Schadschneider and Michael Schreckenberg},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-39669-4},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '11},
pages = {161--170},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@conference{davidich-2013d-cdyn,
title = {Predictive simulation for real-life rush hour scenarios at a German railway station},
author = {Maria Davidich and Gerta Köster},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '13 (accepted abstract)},
address = {Jülich, Germany},
note = {accepted},
keywords = {rail},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@conference{dietrich-2013b-cdyn,
title = {Bridging the Gap: From Cellular Automata to Differential Equation Models for Pedestrian Dynamics},
author = {Felix Dietrich and Gerta Köster and Michael Seitz and Isabella von Sivers},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-55195-6_62},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {10th International Conference on Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics},
pages = {659--668},
address = {Warsaw, Poland},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@inproceedings{koster-2013b-cdyn,
title = {Implementation Issues of Particle Type Pedestrian Motion Models},
author = {Gerta Köster and Marion Gödel and Franz Treml},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '13},
address = {Jülich, Germany},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{abramson-2013-cdyn,
title = {Cooperation and Defection at the Crossroads},
author = {Guillermo Abramson and Viktoriya Semeshenko and José Roberto Iglesias},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0061876},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
pages = {e61876},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
abstract = {We study a simple traffic model with a non-signalized road intersection. In this model the car arriving from the right has precedence. The vehicle dynamics far from the crossing are governed by the rules introduced by Nagel and Paczuski, which define how drivers behave when braking or accelerating. We measure the average velocity of the ensemble of cars and its flow as a function of the density of cars on the roadway. An additional set of rules is defined to describe the dynamics at the intersection assuming a fraction of drivers that do not obey the rule of precedence. This problem is treated within a game-theory framework, where the drivers that obey the rule are cooperators and those who ignore it are defectors. We study the consequences of these behaviors as a function of the fraction of cooperators and defectors. The results show that cooperation is the best strategy because it maximizes the flow of vehicles and minimizes the number of accidents. A rather paradoxical effect is observed: for any percentage of defectors the number of accidents is larger when the density of cars is low because of the higher average velocity.},
keywords = {traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{belz-2013-cdyn,
title = {Spontaneous flocking in human groups},
author = {Michael Belz and Lennart W. Pyritz and Margarete Boos},
doi = {10.1016/j.beproc.2012.09.004},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Behavioural Processes},
volume = {92},
number = {0},
pages = {6--14},
abstract = {Flocking behaviour, as a type of self-organised collective behaviour, is described as the spatial formation of groups without global control and explicit inter-individual recruitment signals. It can be observed in many animals, such as bird flocks, shoals or herds of ungulates. Spatial attraction between humans as the central component of flocking behaviour has been simulated in a number of seminal models but it has not been detected experimentally in human groups so far. The two other sub-processes of this self-organised collective movement -- collision avoidance and alignment -- are excluded or held constant respectively in this study. We created a computer-based, multi-agent game where human players, represented as black dots, moved on a virtual playground. The participants were deprived of social cues about each other and could neither communicate verbally nor nonverbally. They played two games: (1) Single Game, where other players were invisible, and (2) Joint Game, where each player could see players' positions in a local radius around himself/herself. We found that individuals approached their neighbours spontaneously if their positions were visible, leading to less spatial dispersion of the whole group compared to moving alone. We conclude that human groups show the basic component of flocking behaviour without being explicitly instructed or rewarded to do so.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{bode-2013-cdyn,
title = {Human exit route choice in virtual crowd evacuations},
author = {Nikolai W. F. Bode and Edward A. Codling},
doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.05.025},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Animal Behaviour},
volume = {86},
number = {2},
pages = {347--358},
abstract = {The collective behaviour of human crowds emerges from the local interactions of individuals. To understand human crowds we therefore need to identify the behavioural rules individual pedestrians follow. This is crucial for the control of emergency evacuations from confined spaces, for example. At a microscopic level we seek to predict the next step of pedestrians based on their local environment. However, we also have to consider 'tactical-level' individual behaviour that is not an immediate response to the local environment, such as the choice between different routes to exit a building. We used an interactive virtual environment to study human exit route decisions in simulated evacuations. Participants had to escape from a building and had to choose between different exit routes in the presence of evacuating simulated agents. We found no inherent preference for familiar routes, but under a stress-inducing treatment, subjects were more likely to display behaviour in their route choice that was detrimental to their evacuation time. Most strikingly, subjects were less likely to avoid a congested exit by changing their original decision to move towards it under this treatment. Age and gender had clear effects on reaction times in the virtual environment.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{burghardt-2013-cdyn,
title = {stairs; fundamental diagram},
author = {Sebastian Burghardt and Armin Seyfried and Wolfram Klingsch},
doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2013.05.002},
issn = {0968-090X},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {37},
pages = {268--278},
abstract = {This contribution summarizes information about the fundamental diagram of stairs. First discrepancies of fundamental diagrams of well-known planning handbooks for pedestrian facilities and evacuation routes are discussed. To proof the correspondence to experimental data, published measurements available in literature are collected and compared. In the second part we derive a fundamental diagram for stairs downwards based on precise trajectories. In addition we scrutinize the influence of the slope of stair on the fundamental diagram. To check whether our experiments performed under laboratory conditions are comparable with characteristics of motion of every day situations, we present a comparison with a field study carried out at the same external staircase. Furthermore the contribution shows a method to gain topographical information of density, velocity, and specific flow structures to get a microscopic insight into pedestrian dynamics on stairs. This information could be used to identify effective bottlenecks.},
keywords = {pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@phdthesis{burghardt-2013b-cdyn,
title = {Dynamik von Personenströmen in Sportstadien},
author = {Sebastian Burghardt},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
school = {Bergische Universität Wuppertal},
abstract = {The design and dimensioning of escape routes in grandstands influence significantly the whole evacuation process of a football stadium. To analyzepedestrian traffic on grandstands, experiments under laboratory conditions with up to 300 participants have been performed in the ESPRIT arena in Duesseldorf. Fieldstudies in the same stadium and the BORUSSIA-PARK in Moenchengladbach complement the experimental database. In the first partof the dissertation an extensive literature review of pedestrian dynamics on stairs is presented. Precise trajectories, extracted from own experiments, are used to derive the fundamental diagram. The spatial dependency of the basic quantities velocity, density and specific flow on stairs is analyzed. Various influences on the flow and density in the mouth - standing and seated terraces, different slope of the grandstand, positioning of security personnel - are quantified in the second part of the thesis. Based on this data and gained insights the last chapter deals with the validation of a computersimulation. It is clarified, which aspects have to be considered for the validation of a spatial-continuous model. The comparison of the simulation results with experimental data allows conclusions about the correct approximation of reality.},
keywords = {ants, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@article{carrillo-2013-cdyn,
title = {A new interaction potential for swarming models},
author = {J. A. Carrillo and S. Martin and V. Panferov},
doi = {10.1016/j.physd.2013.02.004},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena},
volume = {260},
number = {0},
pages = {112--126},
abstract = {We consider a self-propelled particle system which has been used to describe certain types of collective motion of animals, such as fish schools and bird flocks. Interactions between particles are specified by means of a pairwise potential, repulsive at short ranges and attractive at longer ranges. The exponentially decaying Morse potential is a typical choice, and is known to reproduce certain types of collective motion observed in nature, particularly aligned flocks and rotating mills. We introduce a class of interaction potentials, that we call Quasi-Morse, for which flock and rotating mills states are also observed numerically, however in that case the corresponding macroscopic equations allow for explicit solutions in terms of special functions, with coefficients that can be obtained numerically without solving the particle evolution. We compare the obtained solutions with long-time dynamics of the particle systems and find a close agreement for several types of flock and mill solutions.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{chen-2013-cdyn,
title = {Hybrid modelling and simulation of huge crowd over a hierarchical Grid architecture},
author = {Dan Chen and Lizhe Wang and Xiaomin Wu and Jingying Chen and Samee U. Khan and Joanna Kołodziej and Mingwei Tian and Fang Huang and Wangyang Liu},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2012.03.006},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Future Generation Computer Systems},
volume = {29},
number = {5},
pages = {1309--1317},
keywords = {crowd, modeling, parallel computation, parallel simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inbook{curtis-2013-cdyn,
title = {Virtual Tawaf: A Velocity-Space-Based Solution for Simulating Heterogeneous Behavior in Dense Crowds},
author = {Sean Curtis and Stephen J. Guy and Basim Zafar and Dinesh Manocha},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-8483-7_8},
issn = {1571-5205},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {The International Series in Video Computing},
pages = {181--209},
publisher = {Springer Science + Business Media},
chapter = {1},
abstract = {We present a system to simulate the movement of individual agents in large-scale crowds performing the Tawaf. The Tawaf serves as a unique test case; the large crowd consists of a heterogeneous set of pilgrims, varying in both physical capacity and activity. Furthermore, the density of the crowd reaches extremely high levels (up to 8 people/m2). This extreme density can place impractical constraints on simulation parameters. We use a velocity-space-based pedestrian model which exhibits consistent results even under extreme density: reciprocal velocity obstacles (RVO). Furthermore, we extend RVO to include priority and right of way-agents respond to potential collisions asymmetrically depending on context; one agent may yield, to varying degrees, to another. Our system uses a finite state machine to specify the behavior of the agents at each time step, to model the varied behaviors seen during the Tawaf. The finite-state machine, used in conjunction with RVO, generates collision-free trajectories for tens of thousands of agents in the performance of the Tawaf. The overall system can model agents with varying age, gender and behaviors, supporting the heterogeneity observed in the performance of the Tawaf, even at high densities.},
keywords = {optimal velocity model, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
@article{curtis-2013b-cdyn,
title = {Right of way},
author = {Sean Curtis and Basim Zafar and Adnan Gutub and Dinesh Manocha},
doi = {10.1007/s00371-012-0769-x},
issn = {1432-2315},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Vis Comput},
volume = {29},
pages = {1277--1292},
publisher = {Springer Science + Business Media},
abstract = {Pedestrian models typically represent interactions between agents in a symmetric fashion. In general, these symmetric relationships are valid for a large number of crowd simulation scenarios. However, there are many cases in which symmetric responses between agents are inappropriate, leading to unrealistic behavior or undesirable simulation artifacts.We present a novel formulation, called right of way, which provides a well-disciplined mechanism for modeling asymmetric relationships between pedestrians. Right of way is a general principle, which can be applied to different types of pedestrianmodels.We illustrate this by applying right of way to three different pedestrian models (two based on social forces and one based on velocity obstacles) and show its impact in multiple scenarios. Particularly, we show how it enables simulation of the complex relationships exhibited by pilgrims performing the Islamic religious ritual, the Tawaf.},
keywords = {optimal velocity model, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{davidich-2013-cdynb,
title = {Predicting Pedestrian Flow: A Methodology and a Proof of Concept Based on Real-Life Data},
author = {Maria Davidich and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0083355},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {8},
number = {12},
pages = {1--11},
abstract = {Building a reliable predictive model of pedestrian motion is very challenging: Ideally, such models should be based on observations made in both controlled experiments and in real-world environments. De facto, models are rarely based on real-world observations due to the lack of available data; instead, they are largely based on intuition and, at best, literature values and laboratory experiments. Such an approach is insufficient for reliable simulations of complex real-life scenarios: For instance, our analysis of pedestrian motion under natural conditions at a major German railway station reveals that the values for free-flow velocities and the flow-density relationship differ significantly from widely used literature values. It is thus necessary to calibrate and validate the model against relevant real-life data to make it capable of reproducing and predicting real-life scenarios. In this work we aim at constructing such realistic pedestrian stream simulation. Based on the analysis of real-life data, we present a methodology that identifies key parameters and interdependencies that enable us to properly calibrate the model. The success of the approach is demonstrated for a benchmark model, a cellular automaton. We show that the proposed approach significantly improves the reliability of the simulation and hence the potential prediction accuracy. The simulation is validated by comparing the local density evolution of the measured data to that of the simulated data. We find that for our model the most sensitive parameters are: the source-target distribution of the pedestrian trajectories, the schedule of pedestrian appearances in the scenario and the mean free-flow velocity. Our results emphasize the need for real-life data extraction and analysis to enable predictive simulations.},
keywords = {calibration, cellular automata, modeling, pedestrian, statistics, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{degond-2013-cdyn,
title = {A Hierarchy of Heuristic-Based Models of Crowd Dynamics},
author = {P. Degond and C. Appert-Rolland and M. Moussaïd and J. Pettré and G. Theraulaz},
doi = {10.1007/s10955-013-0805-x},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Physics},
volume = {152},
number = {6},
pages = {1033--1068},
abstract = {We derive a hierarchy of kinetic and macroscopic models from a noisy variant of the heuristic behavioral Individual-Based Model of Ngai et al. (Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 3:191-195, 2009) where pedestrians are supposed to have constant speeds. This IBM supposes that pedestrians seek the best compromise between navigation towards their target and collisions avoidance. We first propose a kinetic model for the probability distribution function of pedestrians. Then, we derive fluid models and propose three different closure relations. The first two closures assume that the velocity distribution function is either a Dirac delta or a von Mises-Fisher distribution respectively. The third closure results from a hydrodynamic limit associated to a Local Thermodynamical Equilibrium. We develop an analogy between this equilibrium and Nash equilibria in a game theoretic framework. In each case, we discuss the features of the models and their suitability for practical use.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@mastersthesis{dietrich-2013-cdyn,
title = {An ODE-based Model for Pedestrian Motion and Navigation},
author = {Felix Dietrich},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
school = {Technische Universität München},
abstract = {This thesis presents a new model for pedestrian motion and navigation: the Gradient 
Navigation Model. It is based on an ODE system where a superposition of gradients 
of distance functions changes the direction and length of the velocity vector. A 
one-dimensional accelerative term is used to smooth sudden changes in speed. The 
approach differs fundamentally from force based models where the acceleration is affected 
by forces and in turn changes the velocity. 
In the new model, virtual pedestrians navigate along geodesics computed by solving 
the Eikonal equation. By directly changing the velocity, the behaviour of individual 
pedestrians can be controlled in great detail. This leads to more natural trajectories 
and avoids model induced oscillations completely. The model is calibrated by theoretical 
arguments based on empirically validated assumptions. All functions included in 
the model are presented with smooth dependency on their arguments. This enables a 
proof of existence and uniqueness of the solution to the ODE system. The use of fast 
and accurate high order numerical integrators is simplified as well. 
An implementation of the model in Java is used to validate it against empirical 
data. The emergence of several empirically observed system phenomena in various 
geometries is shown, such as obstacle avoidance and congestions at bottlenecks. The 
parameter set is held constant throughout all tests. 
A comparison to the Social Force Model [Helbing and Molnar, 1995] and the Optimal 
Steps Model [Seitz and Koester, 2012] reveals that the GNM outperforms them in 
terms of oscillatory behaviour and overlapping (SFM) as well as possibilities of mathematical 
analysis (OSM).},
keywords = {differential equations, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
@mastersthesis{disselnkoetter-2013-cdyn,
title = {A Bifurcation Analysis for scenarios in the Gradient Navigation Model},
author = {Stefan Disselnkötter},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
school = {Technische Universität München},
abstract = {Stop and go waves in granular flow can often be described mathematically by a dynamical system with a Hopf bifurcation. We show that a certain class of microscopic, ordinary differential equation-based models in crowd dynamics fulfil certain conditions of Hopf bifurcations. The class is based on the Gradient Navigation Model. An interesting phenomenon arises: the number of pedestrians in the system must be greater than nine for a bifurcation - and hence for stop and go waves to be possible at all, independent of the density. Below this number, no parameter setting will cause the system to exhibit stable stop and go behaviour. The result is also interesting for car traffic, where similar models exist. Numerical experiments of several parameter settings are used to illustrate the mathematical results.},
keywords = {bifurcation, differential equations, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
@article{drury-2013-cdyn,
title = {Representing crowd behaviour in emergency planning guidance: 'mass panic' or collective resilience?},
author = {John Drury and David Novelli and Clifford Stott},
doi = {10.1080/21693293.2013.765740},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Resilience: International Policies, Practices and Discourses},
volume = {1},
pages = {18--37},
abstract = {Emergency planning often includes assumptions about crowd behaviour. These assumptions matter, as they can operate as rationales for emergency management practices. We examined the extent to which crowds are represented in UK emergency planning guidance as psychologically vulnerable or as contributing to psychosocial resilience. A systematic search of 47 guidance documents identified 9 referring to 'panic'. These were discourse analysed, along with six more guidance documents considered key to civil contingencies resilience. It was found that the references to 'panic' served to construct collectives (and particularly crowds) as a source of psychological vulnerability. References to collective sources of resilience in the public were mostly found to be limited and often served to marginalise the crowd as a basis of coping in emergencies. We argue that the emphasis in the current guidance on the marginal role of crowds and the indispensable role of the professionals conflicts with aspects of current policy on community resilience.},
keywords = {evacuation, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{gulikers-2013-cdyn,
title = {The effect of perception anisotropy on particle systems describing pedestrian flows in corridors},
author = {Lennart Gulikers and Joep Evers and Adrian Muntean and Alexey Lyulin},
doi = {10.1088/1742-5468/2013/04/P04025},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
volume = {2013},
pages = {P04025},
abstract = {We consider a microscopic model (a system of self-propelled particles) to study the behaviour of a large group of pedestrians walking in a corridor. Our point of interest is the effect of anisotropic interactions on the global behaviour of the crowd. The anisotropy we have in mind reflects the fact that people do not perceive (i.e. see, hear, feel or smell) their environment equally well in all directions. The dynamics of the individuals in our model follow from a system of Newton-like equations in the overdamped limit. The instantaneous velocity is modelled in such a way that it accounts for the angle at which an individual perceives another individual. We investigate the effects of this perception anisotropy by means of simulations, very much in the spirit of molecular dynamics. We define a number of characteristic quantifiers (including the polarization index and Morisita index) that serve as measures, for example, for organization and clustering, and we use these indices to investigate the influence of anisotropy on the global behaviour of the crowd. The goal of the paper is to investigate the potential of this model; extensive statistical analysis of simulation data and reproducing any specific real-life situation are beyond its scope.},
keywords = {pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{hartmann-2013-cdyn,
title = {Structured first order conservation models for pedestrian dynamics},
author = {Dirk Hartmann and Isabella Sivers},
doi = {10.3934/nhm.2013.8.985},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Networks and Heterogeneous Media},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
pages = {985--1007},
abstract = {In this contribution, we revisit multiple first order macroscopic modelling approaches to pedestrian flows and computationally compare the results with a microscopic approach to pedestrian dynamics. We find that widely used conservation schemes show significantly different results than microscopic models. Thus, we propose to adopt on a macroscopic level a structured continuum model. The approach basically relies on fundamental diagrams - the relationship between fluxes and local densities - as well as the explicit consideration of individual velocities, thus showing similarities to generalised kinetic models. The macroscopic model is outlined in detail and shows a significantly better agreement with microscopic pedestrian models. The increased realism, important for safety relevant real life applications, is underlined considering several scenarios.},
keywords = {cellular automata, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@phdthesis{kemloh-2013-cdyn,
title = {Route Choice Modelling and Runtime Optimisation for Simulation of Building Evacuation},
author = {Armel Ulrich Kemloh Wagoum},
url = {http://wwwzb1.fz-juelich.de/contentenrichment/onlinepublikationen/IAS_Series_17.pdf},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
school = {Bergische Universiät Wuppertal},
abstract = {Increasing number of visitors at large-scale events combined with the increasing complexity of modern buildings set a major challenge for planners, operators and emergency services. Examples include multi-purpose arenas, large railway stations and airports. In this dissertation the use of modern parallel hardware in combination with optimised algorithms are for the first time used on site to speed up the simulation of large crowds. The aim is to perform real-time forecasts of pedestrian traffic. For this purpose, special neighbourhood lists and a two-stage hybrid parallelisation are used. The second part of this dissertation deals with route choice in complex structures, which plays an important role in achieving realistic computer simulations of pedestrian flows. The developed route choice process is based on visibility and perception of the local environment by the simulated agents. It has as basis a navigation graph. The generation of the graph, especially in complex structures, has also been performed within the framework of this thesis. The work is closed with an empirical study in which the route choice profiles of spectators during various football games and concert performances are analysed and compared with the proposed model. The runtime optimisation strategies and route choice algorithms have been successfully tested in the ESPRIT arena in Düsseldorf (Germany), where they have been integrated in an evacuation assistant.},
keywords = {empirical, evacuation, modeling, parallel computation, pedestrian, pedestrians, route choice},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@article{kemloh-2013b-cdyn,
title = {Parallel real time computation of large scale pedestrian evacuations},
author = {Armel Ulrich Kemloh Wagoum and Bernhard Steffen and Armin Seyfried and Mohcine Chraibi},
doi = {10.1016/j.advengsoft.2012.10.001},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Advances in Engineering Software},
volume = {60-61},
pages = {98--103},
abstract = {Usually, modeling of the evacuations is done during the planning and authorizing process of office buildings or large scale facilities, where computing time is not an issue at all. The collaborative Hermes project aims at improving the safety of mass events by constructing an evacuation assistant, a decision support system for heads of operation in an actual evacuation. For this, the status (occupancy and available egress routes) of a facility is constantly monitored with automatic person counters, door sensors, smoke sensors, and manual input from security staff. Starting from this status, egress is simulated faster than real time, and the result visualized in a suitable fashion to show what is likely to happenn in the next 15min. The test case for this evacuation assistant is the clearing of the ESPRIT Arena in Düsseldorf which holds 50,000-65,000 persons depending on the event type. The on site prediction requires the ability to simulate the egress in $approx$2min, a task that requires the combination of a fast algorithm and a parallel computer. The paper will describe the details of the evacuation problem, the architecture of the evacuation assistant, the pedestrian motion model employed and the optimization and parallelization of the code.},
note = {CIVIL-COMP: Parallel, Distributed, Grid and Cloud Computing},
keywords = {evacuation, parallelization, real-time, simulation, visualization},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kneidl-2013b-cdyn,
title = {A hybrid multi-scale approach for simulation of pedestrian dynamics},
author = {Angelika Kneidl and Dirk Hartmann and André Borrmann},
doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2013.03.005},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
volume = {37},
pages = {223--237},
abstract = {One of the most important aspects for a realistic prediction of pedestrian flows is the modelling of human navigation in normal situations such as early design phases of buildings or transportation systems and hubs as well as in evacuation studies to enhance safety in existing infrastructures. To overcome the limitations of current navigation models, this paper proposes a new hybrid multi-scale model, which closely links information between the small-scale and large-scale navigation layer to improve the navigational behaviour. In the presented hybrid navigation model, graph-based methods using visibility graphs are used to model large-scale wayfinding decisions. The pedestrians' movements between two nodes of the navigation graph are modelled by means of a dynamic navigation field. The navigation field is updated dynamically during the runtime of the simulation, explicitly considering other pedestrians for determining the fastest path. The proposed hybrid approach provides a realistic modelling of human navigational behaviour and thus a realistic prediction of flows since it reflects the human cognitive processes triggered by wayfinding tasks. This includes taking into account other pedestrians for routing decisions who are visible from the current position of the considered pedestrian. The paper discusses the concept and the technical details of the proposed hybrid multi-scale approach in detail and presents an extensive case study demonstrating its advantages.},
keywords = {eikonal equation, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ko-2013-cdyn,
title = {Calibrating a social-force-based pedestrian walking model based on maximum likelihood estimation},
author = {Moonsoo Ko and Taewan Kim and Keemin Sohn},
doi = {10.1007/s11116-012-9411-z},
issn = {1572-9435},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Transportation},
volume = {40},
number = {1},
pages = {91--107},
abstract = {Although various theories have been adopted to develop reliable pedestrian walking models, a limited effort has been made to calibrate them rigorously based on individual trajectories. Most researchers have validated their models by comparing observed and estimated traffic flow parameters such as speed, density, and flow rate, or replaced the validation by visual confirmation of some well-known phenomena such as channelization and platooning. The present study adopted maximum likelihood estimation to calibrate a social-force model based on the observed walking trajectories of pedestrians. The model was assumed to be made up of five components (i.e., inertia, desired direction, leader--follower relationship, collision avoidance, and random error), and their corresponding coefficients represented relative sensitivity. The model also included coefficients for individual-specific characteristics and for a distance-decay relationship between a pedestrian and his/her leaders or colliders. The calibration results varied with the two density levels adopted in the present study. In the case of high density, significant coefficient estimates were found with respect to both the leader--follower relationship and collision avoidance. Collision avoidance did not affect the pedestrian's walking behavior for the low-density case due to channelization. The distance limit was confirmed, within which a pedestrian is affected by neighbors. At the low-density level, by comparison with women, men were found to more actively follow leaders, and pedestrians walking in a party were found to be less sensitive to the motion of leaders at the high-density level.},
keywords = {calibration, pedestrian, social forces},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{koster-2013-cdynb,
title = {Avoiding numerical pitfalls in social force models},
author = {Gerta Köster and Franz Treml and Marion Gödel},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.87.063305},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {87},
number = {6},
pages = {063305},
abstract = {The social force model of Helbing and Molnár is one of the best known approaches to simulate pedestrian motion, a collective phenomenon with nonlinear dynamics. It is based on the idea that the Newtonian laws of motion mostly carry over to pedestrian motion so that human trajectories can be computed by solving a set of ordinary differential equations for velocity and acceleration. The beauty and simplicity of this ansatz are strong reasons for its wide spread. However, the numerical implementation is not without pitfalls. Oscillations, collisions, and instabilities occur even for very small step sizes. Classic solution ideas from molecular dynamics do not apply to the problem because the system is not Hamiltonian despite its source of inspiration. Looking at the model through the eyes of a mathematician, however, we realize that the right hand side of the differential equation is nondifferentiable and even discontinuous at critical locations. This produces undesirable behavior in the exact solution and, at best, severe loss of accuracy in efficient numerical schemes even in short range simulations. We suggest a very simple mollified version of the social force model that conserves the desired dynamic properties of the original many-body system but elegantly and cost efficiently resolves several of the issues concerning stability and numerical resolution.},
keywords = {differential equations, modeling, numerics, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{kretz-2013-cdyn,
title = {Multimodal Simulation-Based Planning for pedestrian},
author = {Tobias Kretz and Frederic Reutenauer and Florian Schubert},
editor = {Transportation Research Board},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {TRB 92nd Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers},
abstract = {In this contribution Strasbourgs plan pieton will briefly be summarized and as a part of it the traffic situation around the central bridge Pont Kuss will be introduced. At Pont Kuss a number of safety and convenience issues in pedestrian traffic are reported. This is the motivation for a multi-modal microscopic simulation project which assesses measures to improve the situation for pedestrians. The assessment includes both: benefits for pedestrian and potential drawbacks for vehicular traffic. It will be shown in detail that clear benefits for pedestrians and for public transport are opposed by only small - if at all - drawbacks for vehicular traffic. It is concluded that multi-modal micro-simulation is a powerful tool to handle all traffic modes with equal care and equal rights in the planning process and that it is at the same time a powerful tool to produce material for communication with the public.},
keywords = {traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{moussaid-2013-cdyn,
title = {Social Influence and the Collective Dynamics of Opinion Formation},
author = {Mehdi Moussaïd and Juliane E. Kämmer and Pantelis P. Analytis and Hansjörg Neth},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0078433},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {8},
number = {11},
pages = {e78433},
abstract = {Social influence is the process by which individuals adapt their opinion, revise their beliefs, or change their behavior as a result of social interactions with other people. In our strongly interconnected society, social influence plays a prominent role in many self-organized phenomena such as herding in cultural markets, the spread of ideas and innovations, and the amplification of fears during epidemics. Yet, the mechanisms of opinion formation remain poorly understood, and existing physics-based models lack systematic empirical validation. Here, we report two controlled experiments showing how participants answering factual questions revise their initial judgments after being exposed to the opinion and confidence level of others. Based on the observation of 59 experimental subjects exposed to peer-opinion for 15 different items, we draw an influence map that describes the strength of peer influence during interactions. A simple process model derived from our observations demonstrates how opinions in a group of interacting people can converge or split over repeated interactions. In particular, we identify two major attractors of opinion: (i) the expert effect, induced by the presence of a highly confident individual in the group, and (ii) the majority effect, caused by the presence of a critical mass of laypeople sharing similar opinions. Additional simulations reveal the existence of a tipping point at which one attractor will dominate over the other, driving collective opinion in a given direction. These findings have implications for understanding the mechanisms of public opinion formation and managing conflicting situations in which self-confident and better informed minorities challenge the views of a large uninformed majority.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@book{zukerman-2013-cdyn,
title = {Introduction to Queueing Theory and Stochastic Teletraffic Models},
author = {Moshe Zukerman},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
publisher = {Cornell University Libraray},
abstract = {The aim of this textbook is to provide students with basic knowledge of stochastic models that may apply to telecommunications research areas, such as traffic modelling, resource provisioning and traffic management. These study areas are often collectively called teletraffic. This book assumes prior knowledge of a programming language, mathematics, probability and stochastic processes normally taught in an electrical engineering course. For students who have some but not sufficiently strong background in probability and stochastic processes, we provide, in the first few chapters, background on the relevant concepts in these areas.},
keywords = {modeling, queues, statistics, traffic, transportation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@mastersthesis{zoennchen-2013-cdyn,
title = {Navigation around pedestrian groups and queueing using a dynamic adaption of traveling},
author = {Benedikt Zönnchen},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
school = {Hochschule München},
abstract = {Is there a way to influence the medium scale navigation of pedestrians by taking other pedestrians into account and how can this phenomenon increase the realism of the simulation? Inspired by Dirk Hartmann, the Optimal Steps Model, which was developed at the University of Applied Sciences Munich, is extended to navigation around pedestrain groups and queueing. In his contribution, Dirk Hartmann considers a new method for dynamic medium scale navigation in microscopic pedestrian simulation. The central idea is to replace the constant speed function F = 1 in the Eikonal equation by a speed function that depends on the local density. A new contribution is to calculate potential differentials to consider the influence of walking direction and walking speed on navigation behavior. Another important part of this work is a first contribution to forced-based modelling of queueing. The idea is to increase the speed F for areas with a high local pedestrian density. An adequate definition of density is required and has to be discussed. It will be shown that the measurement of the density can be done efficiently using image processing techniques.},
howpublished = {Bachelor's thesis, University of Applied Sciences Munich},
keywords = {calibration, evacuation, informatics, mathematics, modeling, pedestrian, potentials, traffic, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
@article{novelli-2013-cdyn,
title = {Crowdedness Mediates the Effect of Social Identification on Positive Emotion in a Crowd: A Survey of Two Crowd Events},
author = {David Novelli and John Drury and Stephen Reicher and Clifford Stott},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0078983},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {8},
pages = {e78983},
abstract = {Exposure to crowding is said to be aversive, yet people also seek out and enjoy crowded situations. We surveyed participants at two crowd events to test the prediction of self-categorization theory that variable emotional responses to crowding are a function of social identification with the crowd. In data collected from participants who attended a crowded outdoor music event (n = 48), identification with the crowd predicted feeling less crowded; and there was an indirect effect of identification with the crowd on positive emotion through feeling less crowded. Identification with the crowd also moderated the relation between feeling less crowded and positive emotion. In data collected at a demonstration march (n =112), identification with the crowd predicted central (most dense) location in the crowd; and there was an indirect effect of identification with the crowd on positive emotion through central location in the crowd. Positive emotion in the crowd also increased over the duration of the crowd event. These findings are in line with the predictions of self-categorization theory. They are inconsistent with approaches that suggest that crowding is inherently aversive; and they cannot easily be explained through the concept of "personal space".},
keywords = {ants, crowd, group, psychology, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@techreport{ronchi-2013-cdyn,
title = {The Process of Verification and Validation of Building Fire Evacuation Models},
author = {Enrico Ronchi and Erica D. Kuligowski and Paul A. Reneke and Richard D. Peacock and Daniel Nilsson},
doi = {10.6028/NIST.TN.1822},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
number = {1822},
institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), U. S. Department of Commerce},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
@conference{ronchi-2013b-cdyn,
title = {Employing validation and verification tests as an integral part of evacuation model development.},
author = {Enrico Ronchi and Daniel Nilsson and Oliver Zechlin and Wolfram Klein and Hermann Mayer},
isbn = {978-0-9556548-9-3},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Thirteenth International Interflam Conference},
pages = {979--990},
publisher = {Interscience Communication Limited},
address = {Royal Holloway College, University of London, UK},
abstract = {The definition of Validation and Verification (V&V) tests for analysing evacuation model capabilities is the object of a large debate among researchers given the lack of an international standard. Four main types of tests have been reported in the literature, 1) component testing, 2) functional verification, 3) qualitative verification and 4) quantitative validation. An important issue relates to the stage in which the V&V procedure is employed. In fact, the listed four forms of V&V can be performed in two different stages, namely 1) after the model is built or 2) as an integral part of the model building process. The present study presents an example of the second strategy, i.e., the use of the V&V tests as an integral part of the model building process. Examples are made in order to demonstrate the need for dedicated tests in relation to the type of model when adopting this strategy. A set of experimental data collected at the Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety at Lund University (Sweden) has been employed to evaluate the capabilities of an evacuation model and provide guidance on its development. This was possible performing V&V tests for which experimental data are generally scarce, i.e. quantitative validation. Results are used to identify the advantages deriving from the use of quantitative validation tests during the design stage of a model and assess some of the key aspects that need to be addressed in models which are not included in current V&V tests/procedures.},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@inproceedings{shah-2013-cdyn,
title = {Behavioral Characteristics of Pedestrian Flow on Stairway at Railway Station},
author = {Jiten Shah and G. J. Joshi and Purnima Parida},
doi = {10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.163},
issn = {1877-0428},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd Conference of Transportation Research Group of India (2nd CTRG)},
journal = {Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences},
volume = {104},
pages = {688--697},
abstract = {India has witnessed higher level of mobility at urban as well as intercity segments due to improvisation of socio-economic conditions in last two decades. Even though, majority of the intercity travel is made by road based modes, number of passengers traveling by railways is significant on certain highly industrialized corridors. Collection and dispersal of passengers on railway platforms take place through stairways and foot over bridges. Design of these vital elements needs to incorporate the behavior of pedestrian flow to ensure desired level of service as well as safety in case of emergency. As reported in literature, pedestrian flow characteristics are influenced by number of attributes of pedestrian like age, gender, physical dimensions, luggage carried, group size, activity while walking, purpose in addition to the other attributes such as space availability, direction of movement and schedule of train as well. Very limited efforts are made in India to study pedestrian flow behavior in this context. Fluctuations in pedestrian flow depends on schedule of arrival and departure of the train, particularly during the peak hours as there is large passenger flow in short interval of time. Due to limited capacity of pedestrian facility, especially staircases, desired speed cannot be achieved by the pedestrian while walking in crowd with luggage. Higher walking speed is reported on downstairs than upstairs with reduction in speed with increase in pedestrian density. Most of the pedestrian facilities are designed by rule of thumb, especially stairways, largely governed by ideal pedestrian behavior. However behavior of individual pedestrian and hence flow at rail transit stations are dynamic on stairways depending on the factors mentioned above. Present study attempts to highlight the results of the study carried out on pedestrian flow behavior at Vadodara railway station in the state of Gujarat, India. Total 3411 number of pedestrian data are extracted by employing videographic technique. Flow models of speed- flow, speed-density and flow-density are developed to illustrate behaviour of pedestrian stream on stairways of different dimensions.},
note = {2nd Conference of Transportation Research Group of India (2nd CTRG)},
keywords = {flow, pedestrian, rail},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{strandburg-peshkin-2013-cdyn,
title = {Visual sensory networks and effective information transfer in animal groups},
author = {Ariana Strandburg-Peshkin and Colin R. Twomey and Nikolai W. F. Bode and Albert B. Kao and Yael Katz and Christos C. Ioannou and Sara B. Rosenthal and Colin J. Torney and Hai Shan Wu and Simon A. Levin and Iain D. Couzin},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.059},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Current Biology},
volume = {23},
number = {17},
pages = {R709--R711},
abstract = {Social transmission of information is vital for many group-living animals, allowing coordination of motion and effective response to complex environments. Revealing the interaction networks underlying information flow within these groups is a central challenge [1]. Previous work has modeled interactions between individuals based directly on their relative spatial positions: each individual is considered to interact with all neighbors within a fixed distance (metric range [2]), a fixed number of nearest neighbors (topological range [3]), a 'shell' of near neighbors (Voronoi range [4]), or some combination (Figure 1A). However, conclusive evidence to support these assumptions is lacking. Here, we employ a novel approach that considers individual movement decisions to be based explicitly on the sensory information available to the organism. In other words, we consider that while spatial relations do inform interactions between individuals, they do so indirectly, through individuals' detection of sensory cues. We reconstruct computationally the visual field of each individual throughout experiments designed to investigate information propagation within fish schools (golden shiners, Notemigonus crysoleucas). Explicitly considering visual sensing allows us to more accurately predict the propagation of behavioral change in these groups during leadership events. Furthermore, we find that structural properties of visual interaction networks differ markedly from those of metric and topological counterparts, suggesting that previous assumptions may not appropriately reflect information flow in animal groups.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{was-2013-cdyn,
title = {Adapting Social Distances Model for Mass Evacuation Simulation},
author = {Jarosław Wąs and Robert Luba's},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Cellular Automata},
volume = {8},
pages = {395--405},
abstract = {The authors describe a new Cellular Automata (CA) model of pedestrian dynamics, based on a more detailed representation of space, combined with floor fields approach. Instead of the classical representation of a pedestrian in CA crowd models, as a state of 40cm x 40cm square cell, the authors use an idea of local configurations of neighboring cells sized 25cm x 25cm as a pedestrian representation (the representation is taken from Social Distances Model). The authors propose new transition rules of the cellular automaton on the basis of statical and dynamical floor fields. The presented model allows for efficient, real time simulation of evacuation of large facilities using more detailed representation of spatial relations and density fluctuations than classical CA models.},
note = {Journal of Cellular Automata, Old City Publishing},
keywords = {cellular automata, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{wijermans-2013-cdyn,
title = {CROSS: Modelling Crowd Behaviour with Social-Cognitive Agents},
author = {Nanda Wijermans and René Jorna and Wander Jager and Tony Vliet and Otto Adang},
doi = {10.18564/jasss.2114},
issn = {1460-7425},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation},
volume = {16},
number = {4},
pages = {1},
abstract = {The use of computer simulations in crowd research is a powerful tool to describe and analyse complex social systems. This paper presents CROSS, a generic framework to model crowd simulations as a social scientific tool for understanding crowd behaviour. In CROSS, individuals are represented by social-cognitive agents that are affected by their social and physical surroundings and produce cognition-based behaviour and behaviour patterns. Understanding is sought by relating intra- and inter-individual levels of behaviour generation with behaviour pattern emergence at group level. By specifying the CROSS framework for a festival context we demonstrate how CROSS meets the need for a theory that reflects the dynamic interplay between individuals and their environment as well as the need for a method that allows for testing.},
keywords = {agent-based, behavior, cognition, crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{wu-2013-cdyn,
title = {The application of algorithms for fire-fighting search operations within buildings},
author = {C. -H. Wu and L. -C. Chen},
doi = {10.1109/ICDMA.2013.330},
year  = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings -- 2013 4th International Conference on Digital Manufacturing and Automation, ICDMA 2013},
pages = {1383--1387},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{palma-2012-cdyn,
title = {Risk Aversion, the Value of Information, and Traffic Equilibrium},
author = {André Palma and Robin Lindsey and Nathalie Picard},
doi = {10.2307/41432822},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Science},
volume = {46},
keywords = {control, crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{peacock-2012-cdyn,
title = {Overall and local movement speeds during fire drill evacuations in buildings up to 31 stories},
author = {R. D. Peacock and B. L. Hoskins and E. D. Kuligowski},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753512000069},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2012.01.003},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {50},
number = {8},
pages = {1655--1664},
abstract = {The time that it takes an occupant population to reach safety when descending a stairwell during building evacuations is typically described by measurable engineering variables such as stairwell geometry, speed, density, and pre-evacuation delay. In turn, engineering models of building evacuation use these variables to predict the performance of egress systems for building design, emergency planning, or event reconstruction. As part of a program to better understand occupant movement and behavior during building emergencies, the Engineering Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been collecting stairwell movement data during fire drill evacuations of office buildings. These data collections are intended to provide a better understanding of this principal building egress feature and develop a technical foundation for future codes and standards requirements. To date, NIST has collected fire drill evacuation data in eight office building occupancies ranging from 6 to 62 stories in height that have included a range of stairwell widths and occupant densities. While average movement speeds in the current study of 0.48 m/s+/- 0.16 m/s are observed to be quite similar to the range of literature values, local movement speeds as occupants traverse down the stairwell are seen to vary widely within a given stairwell, ranging from 0.056 m/s to 1.7 m/s. These data should provide confirmation of the adequacy of existing literature values typically used for occupant movement speeds or provide updated values for future analyses.},
note = {Evacuation and Pedestrian Dynamics},
keywords = {ants, evacuation, fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{raudies-2012-cdyn,
title = {A Bio-Inspired, Motion-Based Analysis of Crowd Behavior Attributes Relevance to Motion Transparency, Velocity Gradients, and Motion Patterns},
author = {Florian Raudies and Heiko Neumann},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0053456},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {7},
number = {12},
pages = {e53456},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
abstract = {The analysis of motion crowds is concerned with the detection of potential hazards for individuals of the crowd. Existing methods analyze the statistics of pixel motion to classify non-dangerous or dangerous behavior, to detect outlier motions, or to estimate the mean throughput of people for an image region. We suggest a biologically inspired model for the analysis of motion crowds that extracts motion features indicative for potential dangers in crowd behavior. Our model consists of stages for motion detection, integration, and pattern detection that model functions of the primate primary visual cortex area (V1), the middle temporal area (MT), and the medial superior temporal area (MST), respectively. This model allows for the processing of motion transparency, the appearance of multiple motions in the same visual region, in addition to processing opaque motion. We suggest that motion transparency helps to identify "danger zones" in motion crowds. For instance, motion transparency occurs in small exit passages during evacuation. However, motion transparency occurs also for non-dangerous crowd behavior when people move in opposite directions organized into separate lanes. Our analysis suggests: The combination of motion transparency and a slow motion speed can be used for labeling of candidate regions that contain dangerous behavior. In addition, locally detected decelerations or negative speed gradients of motions are a precursor of danger in crowd behavior as are globally detected motion patterns that show a contraction toward a single point. In sum, motion transparency, image speeds, motion patterns, and speed gradients extracted from visual motion in videos are important features to describe the behavioral state of a motion crowd.},
keywords = {pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{shi-2012-cdyn,
title = {Modeling and safety strategy of passenger evacuation in a metro station in China},
author = {Congling Shi and Maohua Zhong and Xingzhong Nong and Li He and Jiehong Shi and Guoguan Feng},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2010.07.017},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {50},
number = {5},
pages = {1319--1332},
abstract = {The construction of metro in China is in a period of an unprecedented development in recent years, and the passengers are in high density within the metro during the operation time, the problem of occupant safety in emergencies has attracted more and more attentions. During the design and operation stages, modeling of the metro station evacuation capacity by using the computational models is an effective measure for guaranteeing the metro evacuation safety in the future. In this article, the safety strategy of evacuation in metro stations is first investigated and established, which involves the occupants needed to be evacuated, the evacuation route, and the safety zone. Then, an engineering calculation method for the metro station evacuation time is proposed. Based on the experimental data, simulation of evacuation process in different fire cases is conducted by using an agent-based model, so as to study the features of occupant evacuation behavior, the evacuation time, the passage flow rate, and the strategy of using the escalator as evacuation passage. These conclusions will be helpful for guiding the safe evacuation design of metros in China.},
keywords = {ants, evacuation, fire, modeling, transportation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{teknomo-2012-cdyn,
title = {Simulating optimum egress time},
author = {Kardi Teknomo and Proceso Fernandez},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2011.12.025},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {50},
number = {5},
pages = {1228--1236},
abstract = {A standard evacuation map posted in a room shows the location of the current room and the path to the nearest exit. If the number of occupants in the building is only small, then the shortest paths to the exits may enable all the occupants to evacuate in minimum possible time. Previous studies have shown, however, that the shortest path configuration does not lead to minimum egress time for large crowds in public facilities such as those in a school, theater or gym. We extend the previous studies by determining the minimum egress time for different crowd sizes on a fixed network graph. We apply optimization search on a mesoscopic multi-agent pedestrian simulation that employs the concept of Route-Choice Self-Organization (RCSO). We show that the egress time gap between the shortest path configuration and RCSO configuration increases very quickly with respect to crowd size. Thus, for crowded pedestrian facilities, there may be a need to revise the standard evacuation map so that evacuation behavior that approximates the RCSO becomes possible, and this can lead to a much better egress time.},
keywords = {ants, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{tomoeda-2012-cdyn,
title = {Propagation speed of a starting wave in a queue of pedestrian},
author = {Akiyasu Tomoeda and Daichi Yanagisawa and Takashi Imamura and Katsuhiro Nishinari},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.86.036113},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {86},
pages = {036113},
abstract = {The propagation speed of a starting wave, which is a wave of peoples successive reactions in the relaxation process of a queue, has an essential role for pedestrians and vehicles to achieve smooth movement. For example, a queue of vehicles with appropriate headway (or density) alleviates traffic jams since the delay of reaction to start is minimized. In this paper, we have investigated the fundamental relation between the propagation speed of a starting wave and the initial density by both our mathematical model built on the stochastic cellular automata and experimental measurements. Analysis of our mathematical model implies that the relation is characterized by a power law and the experimental results verify this feature. Moreover, when the starting wave is characterized by the power law we have revealed the existence of optimal density, where the required time, i.e., the sum of the waiting time until the starting wave reaches the last pedestrian in a queue and his/her travel time to pass the head position of the initial queue, is minimized. This optimal density inevitably plays a significant role in achieving a smooth movement of crowds and vehicles in a queue.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian, queues, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{torrens-2012-cdyn,
title = {An extensible simulation environment and movement metrics for testing walking behavior in agent-based models},
author = {Paul M. Torrens and Atsushi Nara and Xun Li and Haojie Zhu and William A. Griffin and Scott B. Brown},
doi = {10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2011.07.005},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Computers, Environment and Urban Systems},
volume = {36},
number = {1},
pages = {1--17},
abstract = {Human movement is a significant ingredient of many social, environmental, and technical systems, yet the importance of movement is often discounted in considering systems' complexity. Movement is commonly abstracted in agent-based modeling (which is perhaps the methodological vehicle for modeling complex systems), despite the influence of movement upon information exchange and adaptation in a system. In particular, agent-based models of urban pedestrians often treat movement in proxy form at the expense of faithfully treating movement behavior with realistic agency. There exists little consensus about which method is appropriate for representing movement in agent-based schemes. In this paper, we examine popularly-used methods to drive movement in agent-based models, first by introducing a methodology that can flexibly handle many representations of movement at many different scales and second, introducing a suite of tools to benchmark agent movement between models and against real-world trajectory data. We find that most popular movement schemes do a relatively poor job of representing movement, but that some schemes may well be ``good enough'' for some applications. We also discuss potential avenues for improving the representation of movement in agent-based frameworks.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{yanagisawa-2012-cdyn,
title = {Metastability in Pedestrian Evacuation},
author = {Takahiro Ezaki and Daichi Yanagisawa},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {ACRI},
pages = {776--784},
keywords = {pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{zanlungo-2012-cdyn,
title = {A Microscopic ``Social Norm'' Model to Obtain Realistic Macroscopic Velocity and Density Pedestrian Distributions},
author = {Francesco Zanlungo and Tetsushi Ikeda and Takayuki Kanda},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0050720},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {7},
number = {12},
pages = {e50720},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
abstract = {We propose a way to introduce in microscopic pedestrian models a "social norm" in collision avoiding and overtaking, i.e. the tendency, shared by pedestrians belonging to the same culture, to avoid collisions and perform overtaking in a preferred direction. The "social norm" is implemented, regardless of the specific collision avoiding model, as a rotation in the perceived velocity vector of the opponent at the moment of computation of the collision avoiding strategy, and justified as an expectation that the opponent will follow the same "social norm" (for example a tendency to avoid on the left and overtake on the right, as proposed in this work for Japanese pedestrians). By comparing with real world data, we show that the introduction of this norm allows for a better reproduction of macroscopic pedestrian density and velocity patterns.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian, psychology, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{frette-2012-cdyn,
title = {Time needed to board an airplane: A power law and the structure behind it},
author = {Vidar Frette and Per C. Hemmer},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.85.011130},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {85},
issue = {1},
pages = {011130},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
keywords = {airplane},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{gallup-2012-cdyn,
title = {Visual attention and the acquisition of information in human crowds},
author = {Andrew C. Gallup and Joseph J. Hale and David J. T. Sumpter and Simon Garnier and Alex Kacelnik and John R. Krebs and Iain D. Couzin},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1116141109},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {109},
number = {19},
pages = {7245--7250},
abstract = {Pedestrian crowds can form the substrate of important socially contagious behaviors, including propagation of visual attention, violence, opinions, and emotional state. However, relating individual to collective behavior is often difficult, and quantitative studies have largely used laboratory experimentation. We present two studies in which we tracked the motion and head direction of 3,325 pedestrians in natural crowds to quantify the extent, influence, and context dependence of socially transmitted visual attention. In our first study, we instructed stimulus groups of confederates within a crowd to gaze up to a single point atop of a building. Analysis of passersby shows that visual attention spreads unevenly in space and that the probability of pedestrians adopting this behavior increases as a function of stimulus group size before saturating for larger groups. We develop a model that predicts that this gaze response will lead to the transfer of visual attention between crowd members, but it is not sufficiently strong to produce a tipping point or critical mass of gaze-following that has previously been predicted for crowd dynamics. A second experiment, in which passersby were presented with two stimulus confederates performing suspicious/irregular activity, supports the predictions of our model. This experiment reveals that visual interactions between pedestrians occur primarily within a 2-m range and that gaze-copying, although relatively weak, can facilitate response to relevant stimuli. Although the above aspects of gaze-following response are reproduced robustly between experimental setups, the overall tendency to respond to a stimulus is dependent on spatial features, social context, and sex of the passerby.},
keywords = {pedestrian, vision},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ioannou-2012-cdyn,
title = {Predatory Fish Select for Coordinated Collective Motion in Virtual Prey},
author = {C. C. Ioannou and V. Guttal and I. D. Couzin},
doi = {10.1126/science.1218919},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Science},
volume = {337},
number = {6099},
pages = {1212--1215},
publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
abstract = {Movement in animal groups is highly varied and ranges from seemingly disordered motion in swarms to coordinated aligned motion in flocks and schools. These social interactions are often thought to reduce risk from predators, despite a lack of direct evidence. We investigated risk-related selection for collective motion by allowing real predators (bluegill sunfish) to hunt mobile virtual prey. By fusing simulated and real animal behavior, we isolated predator effects while controlling for confounding factors. Prey with a tendency to be attracted toward, and to align direction of travel with, near neighbors tended to form mobile coordinated groups and were rarely attacked. These results demonstrate that collective motion could evolve as a response to predation, without prey being able to detect and respond to predators.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{jelic-2012-cdyn,
title = {Properties of pedestrians walking in line: Fundamental diagrams},
author = {Asja Jelić and Cécile Appert-Rolland and Samuel Lemercier and Julien Pettré},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.85.036111},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {85},
number = {3},
pages = {036111},
abstract = {We present experimental results obtained for a one-dimensional pedestrian flow using high precision motion capture. The full pedestrians' trajectories are obtained. In this paper, we focus on the fundamental diagram, and on the relation between the instantaneous velocity and spatial headway (distance to the predecessor). While the latter was found to be linear in previous experiments, we show that it is rather a piecewise linear behavior which is found if larger density ranges are covered. Indeed, our data clearly exhibits three distinct regimes in the behavior of pedestrians that follow each other. The transitions between these regimes occur at spatial headways of about 1.1 and 3 m, respectively. This finding could be useful for future modeling.},
keywords = {empirical, fundamental diagram, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{jelic-2012b-cdyn,
title = {Properties of pedestrians walking in line. II. Stepping behavior},
author = {Asja Jelić and Cécile Appert-Rolland and Samuel Lemercier and Julien Pettré},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.86.046111},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {86},
number = {4},
pages = {046111},
abstract = {In human crowds, interactions among individuals give rise to a variety of self-organized collective motions that help the group to effectively solve the problem of coordination. However, it is still not known exactly how humans adjust their behavior locally, nor what are the direct consequences on the emergent organization. One of the underlying mechanisms of adjusting individual motions is the stepping dynamics. In this paper, we present first quantitative analysis on the stepping behavior in a one-dimensional pedestrian flow studied under controlled laboratory conditions. We find that the step length is proportional to the velocity of the pedestrian, and is directly related to the space available in front of him, while the variations of the step duration are much smaller. This is in contrast with locomotion studies performed on isolated pedestrians and shows that the local density has a direct influence on the stepping characteristics. Furthermore, we study the phenomena of synchronization-walking in lock step-and show its dependence on flow densities. We show that the synchronization of steps is particularly important at high densities, which has direct impact on the studies of optimizing pedestrians' flow in congested situations. However, small synchronization and antisynchronization effects are found also at very low densities, for which no steric constraints exist between successive pedestrians, showing the natural tendency to synchronize according to perceived visual signals.},
keywords = {empirical, pedestrian, stepping behavior},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kemloh-2012-cdyn,
title = {Modeling the dynamic route choice of pedestrians to assess the criticality of building evacuation},
author = {Armel Ulrich Kemloh Wagoum and Armin Seyfried and Stefan Holl},
doi = {10.1142/S0219525912500294},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Advances in Complex Systems},
volume = {15},
number = {7},
pages = {1250029},
abstract = {In this paper we propose an event-driven way finding algorithm for pedestrians in a 
graph-based structure. The motivation of each pedestrian is to leave the facility. The 
events used to redirect pedestrians include the identification of a jam situation and/or 
identification of a better route than the present. The modeled strategies are the shortest 
path (local and global); they are combined with a quickest path approach, which is based 
on an observation principle, i.e. pedestrians take their decisions based on the observed 
environment and are routed dynamically in the network using an appropriate cost benefit 
analysis function. The influences of the different strategies on the evacuation time, the 
individual times spent in jam, the jam size evolution, and the overall jam size itself are 
investigated. The response of the system to broken escape routes is also analyzed. A 
good and plausible dynamic response in the route choice behavior of the pedestrians is 
achieved.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{kemloh-2012b-cdyn,
title = {Runtime Optimisation Approaches for a Real-Time Evacuation Assistant},
author = {Armel Ulrich Kemloh Wagoum and Bernhard Steffen and Armin Seyfried},
editor = {Roman Wyrzykowski and Jack Dongarra and Konrad Karczewski and Jerzy Waśniewski},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics},
pages = {386--395},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
abstract = {This paper presents runtime optimisation approaches for a real-time evacuation assistant. The pedestrian model used for the forecast is a modification of the centrifugal force model which operates in continuous space. It is combined with an event driven route choice algorithm which encompasses the local shortest path, the global shortest path and a combination with the quickest path. A naive implementation of this model has the complexity of O(N2), N being the number of pedestrians. In the first step of the optimisation the complexity is reduced to O(N) using special neighbourhood lists like Verlet-List or Linked-Cell commonly used in molecular dynamics. The next step in this optimisation process is parallelisation on a multicore system. The Message Passing Interface (MPI) and Open Multi-Processing (OpenMP) application programming interfaces are used to this extend. The simulation is performed on the Juropa cluster installed at the Jülich Supercomputing Centre. The speedup factors obtained are textasciitilde10 for the linked-cells, textasciitilde4 for 8 threads and textasciitilde3 for the parallelisation on 5 nodes using a static domain decomposition.},
keywords = {pedestrian, real-time},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{krajzewicz-2012-cdyn,
title = {Recent Development and Applications of SUMO - Simulation of Urban MObility},
author = {Daniel Krajzewicz and Jakob Erdmann and Michael Behrisch and Laura Bieker},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {International Journal On Advances in Systems and Measurements},
volume = {5},
number = {3&4},
pages = {128--138},
abstract = {SUMO is an open source traffic simulation package 
including the simulation application itself as well as supporting 
tools, mainly for network import and demand modeling. 
SUMO helps to investigate a large variety of research topics, 
mainly in the context of traffic management and vehicular 
communications. We describe the current state of the package, 
its major applications, both by research topic and by example, 
as well as future developments and extensions.},
keywords = {open source, simulation, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{lei-2012-cdyn,
title = {Influences of exit and stair conditions on human evacuation in a dormitory},
author = {W. Lei and A. Li and R. Gao and X. Wang},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Physica A},
abstract = {Evacuation processes of students are investigated by experiment and simulation. The 
experiment is performed for students evacuating from a dormitory with an exit and stairs. 
FDS+Evac is proposed to simulate the exit and stair dynamics of occupant evacuation. 
Concerning the exit and stair widths, we put forward some useful standpoints. Good 
agreement is achieved between the predicted results and experimental results. With the 
increase of exit width, a significant stratification phenomenon will be found in flow rate. 
Stratification phenomenon is that two different stable flow rates will emerge during the 
evacuation. And the flow rate curve looks like a ladder. The larger the exit width, the earlier 
the stratification phenomenon appears. When exit width is more than 2.0 m, the flow rate 
of each exit width is divided into two stable stages, and the evacuation times show almost 
no change. The judgment that the existence of stairs causes flow stratification is reasonable. 
By changing the width of the stairs, we proved that judgment. The smaller the width of 
BC, the earlier the stratification appears. We found that scenario 5 is the most adverse 
circumstance. Those results are helpful in performance-based design of buildings.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{mann-2012-cdyn,
title = {Multi-scale Inference of Interaction Rules in Animal Groups Using Bayesian Model Selection},
author = {Richard P. Mann and Andrea Perna and Daniel Strömbom and Roman Garnett and James E. Herbert-Read and David J. T. Sumpter and Ashley J. W. Ward},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002308},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {PLOS Computational Biology},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {1--12},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
abstract = {The collective movement of animals in a group is an impressive phenomenon whereby large scale spatio-temporal patterns emerge from simple interactions between individuals. Theoretically, much of our understanding of animal group motion comes from models inspired by statistical physics. In these models, animals are treated as moving (self-propelled) particles that interact with each other according to simple rules. Recently, researchers have shown greater interest in using experimental data to verify which rules are actually implemented by a particular animal species. In our study, we present a rigorous selection between alternative models inspired by the literature for a system of glass prawns. We find that the classic theoretical models can accurately capture either the fine-scale behaviour or the large-scale collective patterns of movement of the prawns. However, none are able to reproduce both levels of description at the same time. To resolve this conflict we introduce a new class of models wherein prawns 'remember', their previous interactions, integrating their experiences over time when deciding to change behaviour. These outperform the traditional models in predicting when individual prawns will change their direction of motion and restore consistency between the fine-scale rules of interaction and the global behaviour of the group.},
keywords = {calibration, model selection},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{martinez-gil-2012-cdyn,
title = {Calibrating a Motion Model Based on Reinforcement Learning for Pedestrian Simulation},
author = {Francisco Martinez-Gil and Migual Lozano and Fernando Fernández},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Motion in Games},
abstract = {In this paper, the calibration of a framework based in Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (RL) for generating motion simulations of pedestrian groups is presented. The framework sets a group of autonomous embodied agents that learn to control individually its instant velocity vector in scenarios with collisions and friction forces. The result of the process is a different learned motion controller for each agent. The calibration of both, the physical properties involved in the motion of our embodied agents and the corresponding dynamics, is an important issue for a realistic simulation. The physics engine used has been calibrated with values taken from real pedestrian dynamics. Two experiments have been carried out for testing this approach. The results of the experiments are compared with databases of real pedestrians in similar scenarios. As a comparison tool, the diagram of speed versus density, known as fundamental diagram in the literature, is used.},
keywords = {calibration, pedestrian, reinforcement learning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{seitz-2012,
title = {Natural discretization of pedestrian movement in continuous space},
author = {Michael J Seitz and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.86.046108},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {86},
number = {4},
pages = {046108},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{davidich-2012-cdyn,
title = {Towards automatic and robust adjustment of human behavioral parameters in a pedestrian stream model to measured data},
author = {Maria Davidich and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2011.12.024},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {50},
number = {5},
pages = {1253--1260},
abstract = {People die or get injured at mass events when the crowd gets out of control. Urbanization and the increasing popularity of mass events, from soccer games to religious celebrations, enforce this trend. Thus, there is a strong need to better control crowd behavior. Here, simulation of pedestrian streams can be very helpful: Simulations allow a user to run through a number of scenarios in a critical situation and thereby to investigate adequate measures to improve security. In order to make realistic, reliable predictions, a model must be able to reproduce the data known from experiments quantitatively. Therefore, automatic and fast calibration methods are needed that can easily adapt model parameters to different scenarios. Also, the model must be robust. Small changes or measurement errors in the crucial input parameters must not lead to disproportionally large changes in the simulation outcome and thus potentially useless results. In this paper we present two methods to automatically calibrate pedestrian simulations to the socio-cultural parameters captured through measured fundamental diagrams. We then introduce a concept of robustness to compare the two methods. In particular, we propose a quantitative estimation of parameter quality and a method of parameter selection based on a criterion for robustness. We discuss the results of our test scenarios and, based on our experience, propose further steps.},
keywords = {calibration, cellular automata, evacuation, modeling, optimization, peddyngroup, pedestrian, potentials, safety, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{seitz-2012-cdyn,
title = {Natural discretization of pedestrian movement in continuous space},
author = {Michael J Seitz and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.86.046108},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {86},
number = {4},
pages = {046108},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{borrmann-2012-cdyn,
title = {Bidirectional coupling of macroscopic and microscopic pedestrian evacuation models},
author = {André Borrmann and Angelika Kneidl and Gerta Köster and Stefan Ruzika and Markus Thiemann},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2011.12.021},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {50},
pages = {1695--1703},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{baddeley-2012-cdyn,
title = {A Model of Ant Route Navigation Driven by Scene Familiarity},
author = {Bart Baddeley and Paul Graham and Philip Husbands Andrew Philippides},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002336},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {PLoS Computational Biology},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {e1002336},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
abstract = {The interest in insect navigation from diverse disciplines such as psychology and engineering is to a large extent because performance is achieved with such limited brain power. Desert ants are particularly impressive navigators, able to rapidly learn long, visually guided foraging routes. Their elegant behaviours provide inspiration to biomimetic engineers and for psychologists demonstrate the minimal mechanistic requirements for complex spatial behaviours. In this spirit, we have developed a parsimonious model of route navigation that captures many of the known properties of ants routes. Our model uses a neural network trained with the visual scenes experienced along a route to assess the familiarity of any view. Subsequent route navigation involves a simple behavioural routine, in which the simulated ant scans the world and moves in the most familiar direction, as determined by the network. The algorithm exhibits both place-search and route navigation using the same mechanism. Crucially, in our model it is not necessary to specify when or what to learn, nor separate routes into sequences of waypoints; thereby providing proof of concept that route navigation can be achieved without these elements. As such, we believe it represents the only detailed and complete model of insect route guidance to date.},
keywords = {animal, ants, biology, route choice},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{bauer-2012-cdyn,
title = {Estimating origin-destination-matrices depending on the time of the day from high frequent pedestrian entry and exit counts},
author = {Dietmar Bauer},
doi = {10.1049/iet-its.2011.0156},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {IET Intelligent Transport Systems},
volume = {6},
number = {4},
pages = {463--473},
abstract = {This study proposes the estimation of origin-destination (OD)-matrices depending on the time of the day from high frequent entry and exit counts at a pedestrian infrastructure. These matrices are important input for infrastructure management both for pedestrian flow simulations in the planning stage as well as crowd control in the real-time application. Estimation is based on explicit models for the temporal dependence for long-term observations, where the models are adapted from the dynamic freeway OD-matrix estimation approach. Since pedestrian counts currently are subject to non-negligible measurement errors, the estimation uses the generalised method of moments estimation scheme to account for the errors-in-variables problem. Assumptions under which the method produces consistent and asymptotically normal estimators are provided, which are in line with empirically derived characteristics of pedestrian counters. In addition an approximation is provided, which shows superior finite sample properties in return for an asymptotic bias. The suitability of the method is demonstrated using a simulation study as well as a real-world application.},
keywords = {origin-destination matrix},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{brown-2012-cdyn,
title = {Implementing molecular dynamics on hybrid high performance computers - Particle-particle particle-mesh},
author = {W. Michael Brown and Alex Kohlmeyer and Steven J. Plimpton and Arnold N. Tharrington},
doi = {10.1016/j.cpc.2011.10.012},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Computer Physics Communications},
volume = {183},
pages = {449-459},
keywords = {gpgpu, linked cell, molecular dynamics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{costa-2012-cdyn,
title = {Territorial behavior in public settings},
author = {Marco Costa},
doi = {10.1177/0013916511403803},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Environment and Behavior},
volume = {44},
issue = {5},
pages = {713--721},
abstract = {This study provides a novel observational method to observe repetitive seating 
patterns chosen by students in a classroom. Although prior work that 
relied on self-reports suggests that students claim the same seats repeatedly, 
the main hypothesis of the study was that in a repeated use of a public 
space, people tend to occupy the same position, thus establishing a form of 
territoriality. Student seating locations were observed in two university lecture 
halls, 6 times during a span of 4 weeks. Observations were carried out 
on a sample of 47 and 31 students for Lecture Halls A and B, respectively. 
Two parameters were computed: mean displacement and mean territory 
dimension. The results showed very low mean displacements in both halls 
and the establishment of very small territories inside the halls. The results 
are explained in terms of conflict and anxiety avoidance, and the interaction 
between spatial preference and goal fulfillment driven by motivational and 
personality factors.},
keywords = {behavior, empirical, psychology, seating},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{davidich-2012-cdynb,
title = {Towards automatic and robust adjustment of human behavioral parameters in a pedestrian stream model to measured data},
author = {M. Davidich and G. Köster},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2011.12.024},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {50},
number = {5},
pages = {1253--1260},
abstract = {People die or get injured at mass events when the crowd gets out of control. Urbanization and the increasing popularity of mass events, from soccer games to religious celebrations, enforce this trend. Thus, there is a strong need to better control crowd behavior. Here, simulation of pedestrian streams can be very helpful: Simulations allow a user to run through a number of scenarios in a critical situation and thereby to investigate adequate measures to improve security. In order to make realistic, reliable predictions, a model must be able to reproduce the data known from experiments quantitatively. Therefore, automatic and fast calibration methods are needed that can easily adapt model parameters to different scenarios. Also, the model must be robust. Small changes or measurement errors in the crucial input parameters must not lead to disproportionally large changes in the simulation outcome and thus potentially useless results. In this paper we present two methods to automatically calibrate pedestrian simulations to the socio-cultural parameters captured through measured fundamental diagrams. We then introduce a concept of robustness to compare the two methods. In particular, we propose a quantitative estimation of parameter quality and a method of parameter selection based on a criterion for robustness. We discuss the results of our test scenarios and, based on our experience, propose further steps.},
keywords = {calibration, cellular automata, evacuation, modeling, optimization, pedestrian, potentials, safety, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ezaki-2012-cdyn,
title = {Simulation of space acquisition process of pedestrians using Proxemic Floor Field Model},
author = {Takahiro Ezaki and Daichi Yanagisawa and Kazumichi Ohtsuka and Katsuhiro Nishinari},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2011.07.056},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {391},
number = {1--2},
pages = {291--299},
abstract = {We propose the Proxemic Floor Field Model as an extension of the Floor Field Model, which is one of the successful models describing pedestrian dynamics. Proxemic Floor Field is the Floor Field which corresponds to the effect of repulsion force between others. By introducing the Proxemic Floor Field and threshold, we investigate the process that pedestrian enters a certain area. The results of simulations are evaluated by simple approximate analyses and newly introduced indices. The difference in pedestrian behavior due to the disposition of the entrance is also confirmed, namely, the entrance in the corner of the area leads to the long entrance time because of the obstruction by pedestrians settling on the boundary cells.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ezaki-2012b-cdyn,
title = {Metastability in Pedestrian Evacuation},
author = {Takahiro Ezaki and Daichi Yanagisawa},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {ACRI},
pages = {776--784},
abstract = {We investigate the behavior of evacuation process with steady inflow using the floor field model. By simulations, the metastable state induced by conflicts of pedestrians is observed. The system is controlled by parameters of the inflow and competitiveness of the pedestrians, and large inflow leads to a congested situation. The critical condition of the transition is theoretically derived.},
keywords = {pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{fahy-2012-cdyn,
title = {Panic or not in fire: Clarifying the misconception},
author = {Rita F. Fahy and Guylène Proulx and Lata Aiman},
doi = {10.1002/fam.1083},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Fire and Materials},
volume = {36},
number = {5--6},
pages = {328--338},
abstract = {The word is frequently used in media accounts and statements of survivors of emergency evacuations and fires, but what does it really mean, is it a phenomenon that actually occurs? This paper first examines the concept from the view of the general public, particularly the media. Definitions of panic behaviour related to emergency response are summarized and evidence of behaviour from actual fire incidents are presented through interview data and case studies. Despite the data demonstrating that panic is a very rare occurrence in fires, the idea of panic and the term continue to be used by the public as well as fire experts. It is therefore necessary to demystify the misconception that panic is an essential element of a fire and identify any scientific justification for continuing to use this concept.},
keywords = {decision, evacuation, fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zhang-2012d-cdyn,
title = {High precision analysis of unidirectional pedestrian flow within the Hermes Project},
author = {Jun Zhang and Wolfram Klingsch and Armin Seyfried},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.5929},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
abstract = {The aim of the Hermes project is the development of a computer simulation based on evacuation assistant to support security services in case of emergency in complex buildings and thus to improve safety at mass events. One goal of the project is to build and to calibrate models for pedestrian dynamics specifically designed for forecasting the emergency egress of large crowds faster than real-time. In this contribution, we give an overview of the project and its experimental results of unidirectional flow in a corridor. Trajectories of all pedestrians are analyzed with different measurement methods. The data will be used for model calibration.},
note = {urlhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4J__lOOV2E (accessed 01. December 2020)},
keywords = {experiment, pedestrian, unidirectional},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zhang-2012-cdyn,
title = {Potential field cellular automata model for pedestrian flow},
author = {Peng Zhang and Xiao-Xia Jian and S. C. Wong and Keechoo Choi},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.85.021119},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {85},
number = {2-1},
pages = {021119},
abstract = {This paper proposes a cellular automata model of pedestrian flow that defines a cost potential field, which takes into account the costs of travel time and discomfort, for a pedestrian to move to an empty neighboring cell. The formulation is based on a reconstruction of the density distribution and the underlying physics, including the rule for resolving conflicts, which is comparable to that in the floor field cellular automaton model. However, we assume that each pedestrian is familiar with the surroundings, thereby minimizing his or her instantaneous cost. This, in turn, helps reduce the randomness in selecting a target cell, which improves the existing cellular automata modelings, together with the computational efficiency. In the presence of two pedestrian groups, which are distinguished by their destinations, the cost distribution for each group is magnified due to the strong interaction between the two groups. As a typical phenomenon, the formation of lanes in the counter flow is reproduced.},
keywords = {cellular automata, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zhang-2012b-cdyn,
title = {Ordering in bidirectional pedestrian flows and its influence on the fundamental diagram},
author = {Jun Zhang and Wolfram Klingsch and Andreas Schadschneider and Armin Seyfried},
doi = {10.1088/1742-5468/2012/02/P02002},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
volume = {2012},
number = {02},
pages = {P02002},
abstract = {Experiments under laboratory conditions were carried out to study the ordering in bidirectional pedestrian streams and its influence on the fundamental diagram (density-speed-flow relation). The Voronoi method is used to resolve the fine structure of the resulting velocity-density relations and spatial dependence of the measurements. The data show that the specific flow concept is applicable also for bidirectional streams. For various forms of ordering in bidirectional streams, no large differences among density-flow relationships are found in the observed density range. The fundamental diagrams of bidirectional streams with different forms of ordering are compared with those of unidirectional streams. The result shows differences in the shape of the relation for rho > 1.0m^-2 . The maximum of the specific flow in unidirectional streams is significantly larger than that in all bidirectional streams examined.},
note = {urlhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4J__lOOV2E (accessed 01. December 2020)},
keywords = {bidirectional, experiment, flow, pedestrian, unidirectional},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{helbing-2012-cdyn,
title = {Crowd disasters as systemic failures: analysis of the Love Parade disaster},
author = {Dirk Helbing and Pratik Mukerji},
doi = {10.1140/epjds7},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {EPJ Data Science},
volume = {1},
number = {7},
pages = {1-40},
abstract = {Each year, crowd disasters happen in different areas of the world. How and why do 
such disasters happen? Are the fatalities caused by relentless behavior of people or a 
psychological state of panic that makes the crowd go mad? Or are they a tragic 
consequence of a breakdown of coordination? These and other questions are 
addressed, based on a qualitative analysis of publicly available videos and materials, 
which document the planning and organization of the Love Parade in Duisburg, 
Germany, and the crowd disaster on July 24, 2010. Our analysis reveals a number of 
misunderstandings that have widely spread. We also provide a new perspective on 
concepts such as intentional pushing, mass panic, stampede, and crowd crushes. 
The focus of our analysis is on the contributing causal factors and their mutual 
interdependencies, not on legal issues or the judgment of personal or institutional 
responsibilities. Video recordings show that people stumbled and piled up due to a 
domino effect, resulting from a phenomenon called crowd turbulence or crowd 
quake. Crowd quakes are a typical reason for crowd disasters, to be distinguished 
from crowd disasters resulting from mass panic or crowd crushes. In Duisburg, 
crowd turbulence was the consequence of amplifying feedback and cascading 
effects, which are typical for systemic instabilities. Accordingly, things can go terribly 
wrong in spite of no bad intentions from anyone. Comparing the incident in Duisburg 
with others, we give recommendations to help prevent future crowd disasters. In 
particular, we introduce a new scale to assess the criticality of conditions in the crowd. 
This may allow preventative measures to be taken earlier on. Furthermore, we discuss 
the merits and limitations of citizen science for public investigation, considering that 
today, almost every event is recorded and reflected in the World Wide Web.},
keywords = {disaster},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zhang-2012c-cdyn,
title = {Empirical study of turning and merging of pedestrian streams in T-junction},
author = {Jun Zhang and Wolfram Klingsch and Tobias Rupprecht and Andreas Schadschneider and Armin Seyfried},
year  = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {arXiv},
keywords = {empirical},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@book{zheng-2011-cdyn,
title = {Computing with Spatial Trajectories},
author = {Yu Zheng and Xiaofang Zhou},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-1629-6},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
keywords = {informatics, mathematics, trajectories},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@article{moussaid-2011-cdyn,
title = {How simple rules determine pedestrian behavior and crowd disasters},
author = {Mehdi Moussaïd and Dirk Helbing and Guy Theraulaz},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1016507108},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {108},
number = {17},
pages = {6884--6888},
keywords = {heuristics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{francesco-2011-cdyn,
title = {On the Hughes' model for pedestrian ow: The one-dimensional case},
author = {Marco Di Francescoa and Peter A. Markowich and Jan-Frederik Pietschmann and Marie-Therese Wolfram},
doi = {10.1016/j.jde.2010.10.015},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Differential Equations},
volume = {250},
number = {3},
pages = {1334--1362},
abstract = {In this paper we investigate the mathematical theory of Hughes' model for the flow of pedestrians (cf. [17]), consisting of a nonlinear conservation law for the density of pedestrians coupled with an eikonal equation for a potential modelling the common sense of the task. For such an approximated system we prove existence and uniqueness of entropy solutions (in one space dimension) in the sense of Kruzkov [22], in which the boundary conditions are posed following the approach of Bardos et al. [7]. We use BV estimates on the density and stability estimates on the potential in order to prove uniqueness. Furthermore, we analyse the evolution of characteristics for the original Hughes' model in one space dimension and study the behaviour of simple solutions, in order to reproduce interesting phenomena related to the formation of shocks and rarefaction waves. The characteristic calculus is supported by numerical simulations.},
keywords = {differential equations},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{frank-2011-cdyn,
title = {Room evacuation in the presence of an obstacle},
author = {G. A. Frank and C. O. Dorso},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2011.01.015},
issn = {0378-4371},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {390},
number = {11},
pages = {2135--2145},
abstract = {The investigation of human behaviour while trying to escape from a room under panic is an important issue in complex systems research. Several authors have called attention to the fact that placing an obstacle near the exit improves the evacuation time of the room (Helbing et al. (2000, 2005) [2,8], Hughes (2003) [6], Johansson and Helbing (2005) [16], Piccoli and Tosin (2009) [5]). We studied this effect in the context of the "social force model" (Helbing et al. (2000) [2]). We show that placing an obstacle does not guarantee, by itself, better chances of survival for all pedestrians. The way they choose to avoid the obstacle is critical for their own performance. We found not only that the faster they try to escape, the slower they get out ("faster is slower" effect), but also, the short cut they might take in order to get to the exit will probably do no better ("clever is not always better" effect).},
keywords = {evacuation, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{herbert-read-2011-cdyn,
title = {Inferring the rules of interaction of shoaling fish},
author = {James E. Herbert-Read and Andrea Perna and Richard P. Mann and Timothy M. Schaerf and David J. T. Sumpter and Ashley J. W. Ward},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1109355108},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {108},
number = {46},
pages = {18726--18731},
abstract = {Collective motion, where large numbers of individuals move synchronously together, is achieved when individuals adopt interaction rules that determine how they respond to their neighbors' movements and positions. These rules determine how group-living animals move, make decisions, and transmit information between individuals. Nonetheless, few studies have explicitly determined these interaction rules in moving groups, and very little is known about the interaction rules of fish. Here, we identify three key rules for the social interactions of mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki): (i) Attraction forces are important in maintaining group cohesion, while we find only weak evidence that fish align with their neighbor's orientation; (ii) repulsion is mediated principally by changes in speed; (iii) although the positions and directions of all shoal members are highly correlated, individuals only respond to their single nearest neighbor. The last two of these rules are different from the classical models of collective animal motion, raising new questions about how fish and other animals self-organize on the move.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{katz-2011-cdyn,
title = {Inferring the structure and dynamics of interactions in schooling fish},
author = {Yael Katz and Kolbjørn Tunstrøm and Christos C. Ioannou and Cristián Huepe and Iain D. Couzin},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1107583108},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {108},
number = {46},
pages = {18720--18725},
abstract = {Determining individual-level interactions that govern highly coordinated motion in animal groups or cellular aggregates has been a long-standing challenge, central to understanding the mechanisms and evolution of collective behavior. Numerous models have been proposed, many of which display realistic-looking dynamics, but nonetheless rely on untested assumptions about how individuals integrate information to guide movement. Here we infer behavioral rules directly from experimental data. We begin by analyzing trajectories of golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) swimming in two-fish and three-fish shoals to map the mean effective forces as a function of fish positions and velocities. Speeding and turning responses are dynamically modulated and clearly delineated. Speed regulation is a dominant component of how fish interact, and changes in speed are transmitted to those both behind and ahead. Alignment emerges from attraction and repulsion, and fish tend to copy directional changes made by those ahead. We find no evidence for explicit matching of body orientation. By comparing data from two-fish and three-fish shoals, we challenge the standard assumption, ubiquitous in physics-inspired models of collective behavior, that individual motion results from averaging responses to each neighbor considered separately; three-body interactions make a substantial contribution to fish dynamics. However, pairwise interactions qualitatively capture the correct spatial interaction structure in small groups, and this structure persists in larger groups of 10 and 30 fish. The interactions revealed here may help account for the rapid changes in speed and direction that enable real animal groups to stay cohesive and amplify important social information.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{king-2011-cdyn,
title = {A rule-of-thumb based on social affiliation explains collective movements in desert baboons},
author = {Andrew J. King and Cedric Sueur and Elise Huchard and Guy Cowlishaw},
doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.09.017},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Animal Behaviour},
volume = {82},
number = {6},
pages = {1337--1345},
abstract = {Animals living in groups will profit most from sociality if they coordinate the timing and nature of their activities. Self-organizing mechanisms can underlie coordination in large animal groups such as insect colonies or fish schools, but to what degree these mechanisms operate in socially complex species that live in small stable groups is not well known. We therefore examined the collective departure of wild chacma baboons, Papio ursinus, from their sleeping sites. First, in line with previous observations, the departure process appeared to be coordinated through the cue of individuals 'moving off', with no role for specific vocal or visual signalling. Second, we employed network analyses to explore how interindividual relationships influenced departure patterns, and found that a local rule, to follow the movements of those baboons with whom they shared a close social affiliation, determined when the baboon group departed. Finally, using an agent-based model, we were able to simulate mathematically the observed patterns of collective movements based upon the emergent rule that we identified. Our study adds weight to the idea that social complexity does not necessitate cognitive complexity in the decision-making process, consistent with heuristic decision-making perspectives studied by cognitive psychologists and researchers studying self-organization in biological systems.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@incollection{lemercier-2011-cdyn,
title = {Reconstructing Motion Capture Data for Human Crowd Study},
author = {Samuel Lemercier and Mathieu Moreau and Mehdi Moussa"id and Guy Theraulaz and Stéphane Donikian and Julien Pettré},
editor = {Jan M. Allbeck and Petros Faloutsos},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-25090-3_31},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {Motion in Games},
volume = {7060},
pages = {365--376},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
abstract = {Reconstruction is a key step of the motion capture process. The quality of motion data first results from the quality of raw data. However, it also depends on the motion reconstruction step, especially when raw data suffer markers losses or noise due, for example, to challenging conditions of capture. Labeling is a final and crucial data reconstruction step that enables practical use of motion data (e.g., analysis). The lower the data quality, the more time consuming and tedious the labeling step, because human intervention cannot be avoided: he has to manually indicate markers label each time a loss of the marker in time occurs. In the context of crowd study, we faced such situation when we performed experiments on the locomotion of groups of people. Data reconstruction poses several problems such as markers labeling, interpolation and mean position computation. While Vicon IQ software has difficulties to automatically label markers for the crowd experiment we carried out, we propose a specific method to label our data and estimate participants mean positions with incomplete data.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
@inproceedings{liu-2011-cdyn,
title = {Three-dimensional gait analysis system with mobile force plates and motion sensors},
author = {Tao Liu and Yoshio Inoue and Kyoko Shibata and Kouzou Shiojima},
doi = {10.1109/URAI.2011.6145942},
isbn = {978-1-4577-0723-0},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {2011 8th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots and Ambient Intelligence (URAI)},
pages = {107--110},
publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers},
abstract = {To overcome limitations of a traditional gait analysis laboratory, in which stationary force plates and camera system can not measure more than one stride, in this paper, we propose a three-dimensional gait analysis system (M3D) composed of mobile force plates and motion sensors. Coordinate transformation from local coordinate system of M3D to global coordinate system is implemented by using measurements of the mobile force plate. A stick-chain model was built to visually analyze three-dimensional human gait and joint trajectories, and triaxial joint moments during gait can be calculated.},
keywords = {gait, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@conference{martinez-gil-2011-cdyn,
title = {Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Simulating Pedestrian Navigation},
author = {Francisco Martinez-Gil and Migual Lozano and Fernando Fernández},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-28499-1_4},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {Adaptive and Learning Agents: International Workshop},
abstract = {In this paper we introduce a Multi-agent system that uses Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques to learn local navigational behaviors to simulate virtual pedestrian groups. The aim of the paper is to study empirically the validity of RL to learn agent-based navigation controllers and their transfer capabilities when they are used in simulation environments with a higher number of agents than in the learned scenario. Two RL algorithms which use Vector Quantization (VQ) as the generalization method for the space state are presented. Both strategies are focused on obtaining a good vector quantizier that represents adequately the state space of the agents. We empirically state the convergence of both methods in our navigational Multi-agent learning domain. Besides, we use validation tools of pedestrian models to analyze the simulation results in the context of pedestrian dynamics. The simulations carried out, scaling up the number of agents in our environment (a closed room with a door through which the agents have to leave), have revealed that the basic characteristics of pedestrian movements have been learned.},
keywords = {pedestrian, reinforcement learning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{philippides-2011-cdyn,
title = {How might ants use panoramic views for route navigation?},
author = {Andrew Philippides and Bart Baddeley and Ken Cheng and Paul Graham},
doi = {10.1242/jeb.046755},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
volume = {214},
pages = {445--451},
abstract = {Studies of insect navigation have demonstrated that insects possess an interesting and sophisticated repertoire of visual navigation behaviours. Ongoing research seeks to help us understand how these behaviours are controlled in natural complex environments. A necessary complement to behavioural studies is an understanding of the sensory ecology within which an animal behaves. To this end we have analysed ants'-perspective views of a habitat within which desert ant navigation is well studied. Results from our analysis suggest that: parsimonious visual strategies for homing and route guidance are effective over behaviourally useful distances even in cluttered environments; that these strategies can function effectively using only the skyline heights as input; and that the simplicity and efficacy of using stored views as a visual compass makes it a viable and robust mechanism for route guidance.},
keywords = {animal, ants, biology, vision},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{portz-2011-cdyn,
title = {Analyzing Stop-and-Go Waves by Experiment and Modeling},
author = {Andrea Portz and Armin Seyfried},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-9725-8_52},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics},
journal = {Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics},
volume = {1},
pages = {577--586},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {The main topic of this paper is the analysis and modeling of stop-and-go waves, observable in experiments of single lane movement with pedestrians. The velocity density relation using measurements on a 'microscopic' scale shows the coexistence of two phases at one density. These data are used to calibrate and verify a spatially continuous model. Several criteria are chosen that a model has to satisfy: firstly we investigated the fundamental diagram (velocity versus density) using different measurement methods. Furthermore the trajectories are compared to the occurrence of stop-and-go waves qualitatively. Finally we checked the distribution of the velocities at fixed density against the experimental one. The adaptive velocity model introduced satisfies these criteria well.},
keywords = {empirical, pedestrian, stop-and-go},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{rupprecht-2011-cdyn,
title = {Influence of Geometry Parameters on Pedestrian Flow through Bottleneck},
author = {T. Rupprecht and W. Klingsch and A. Seyfried},
editor = {Richard D. Peacock and Erica D. Kuligowski and Jason D. Averill},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-9725-8_7},
isbn = {978-1-4419-9725-8},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics},
pages = {71--80},
publisher = {Springer US},
abstract = {In pedestrian evacuations bottlenecks can be a crucial factor influencing the evacuation time. The main question involves the design of bottlenecks to enable unhindered pedestrian flow in order to optimize evacuation times. For better understanding of this problem, a set of experiments with pedestrians in different bottleneck-scenarios has been performed. The results enlarge the database and allow the testing of the basic assumptions of performance based egress design.},
keywords = {bottleneck, empirical, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{shende-2011-cdyn,
title = {Optimization-Based Feedback Control for Pedestrian Evacuation From an Exit Corridor},
author = {Apoorva Shende and Mahendra Singh and Pushkin Kachroo},
doi = {10.1109/TITS.2011.2146251},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems},
volume = {12},
pages = {1167-1176},
keywords = {control, crowd},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{shiwakoti-2011b-cdyn,
title = {Animal dynamics based approach for modeling pedestrian crowd egress under panic conditions},
author = {Nirajan Shiwakoti and Majid Sarvi and Geoff Rose and Martin Burd},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019126151100066X},
doi = {10.1016/j.trb.2011.05.016},
issn = {0191-2615},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part B: Methodological},
volume = {45},
number = {9},
pages = {1433--1449},
abstract = {Collective movement is important during emergencies such as natural disasters or terrorist attacks, when rapid egress is essential for escape. The development of quantitative theories and models to explain and predict the collective dynamics of pedestrians has been hindered by the lack of complementary data under emergency conditions. Collective patterns are not restricted to humans, but have been observed in other non-human biological systems. In this study, a mathematical model for crowd panic is derived from collective animal dynamics. The development and validation of the model is supported by data from experiments with panicking Argentine ants (Linepithema humile). A first attempt is also made to scale the model parameters for collective pedestrian traffic from those for ant traffic, by employing a scaling concept approach commonly used in biology.},
note = {Select Papers from the 19th ISTTT},
keywords = {ants, panic, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{tsai-2011-cdyn,
title = {ESCAPES: Evacuation Simulation with Children, Authorities, Parents, Emotions, and Social Comparison},
author = {Jason Tsai and Natalie Fridman and Emma Bowring and Matthew Brown and Shira Epstein and Gal Kaminka and Stacy Marsella and Andrew Ogden and Inbal Rika and Ankur Sheel and Matthew E. Taylor and Xuezhi Wang and Avishay Zilka and Milind Tambe},
url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2031678.2031682},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {The 10th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 2},
pages = {457--464},
publisher = {International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems},
address = {Taipei, Taiwan},
series = {AAMAS '11},
keywords = {affiliation, crowd, evacuation, simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{ward-2011-cdyn,
title = {Fast and accurate decisions through collective vigilance in fish shoals},
author = {Ashley J. W. Ward and James E. Herbert-Reada and David J. T. Sumpterb and Jens Krause},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1007102108},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {108},
number = {6},
pages = {2312--2315},
abstract = {Although it has been suggested that large animal groups should make better decisions than smaller groups, there are few empirical demonstrations of this phenomenon and still fewer explanations of the how these improvements may be made. Here we show that both speed and accuracy of decision making increase with group size in fish shoals under predation threat. We examined two plausible mechanisms for this improvement: first, that groups are guided by a small proportion of high-quality decision makers and, second, that group members use self-organized division of vigilance. Repeated testing of individuals showed no evidence of different decision-making abilities between individual fish. Instead, we suggest that shoals achieve greater decision-making efficiencies through division of labor combined with social information transfer. Our results should prompt reconsideration of how we view cooperation in animal groups with fluid membership.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{welling-2011-cdyn,
title = {Efficiency of linked cell algorithms},
author = {Ulrich Welling and Guido Germano},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2010.11.002},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Computer Physics Communications},
volume = {182},
number = {3},
pages = {611--615},
abstract = {The linked cell algorithm is an essential part of molecular simulation software, both molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo. Though it scales linearly with the number of particles, there has been a constant interest in increasing its performance, because a large part of CPU time is spent to identify the interacting particles. Several recent publications proposed improvements to the algorithm and investigated their efficiency by applying them to particular setups. Here we develop a general method to evaluate the efficiency of these algorithms which is mostly independent of the parameters of the simulation, and test it for a number of linked cell algorithms. We also propose a combination of linked cell reordering and interaction sorting that performs well for a broad range of simulation setups.},
keywords = {molecular dynamics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{koster-2011b,
title = {On modelling the influence of group formations in a crowd},
author = {Gerta Köster and Michael Seitz and Franz Treml and Dirk Hartmann and Wolfram Klein},
doi = {10.1080/21582041.2011.619867},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Contemporary Social Science},
volume = {6},
number = {3},
pages = {397--414},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{seitz-2011-cdyn,
title = {On modeling the separation and reunion of social groups},
author = {Michael Seitz and Gerta Köster and Dirk Hartmann},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Emergency Evacuation of People from Buildings},
address = {Warzaw, Poland},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@conference{gerhardt-2011-cdyn,
title = {On free-flow velocities for groups},
author = {Katharina Gerhardt and Gerta Köster and Michael Seitz and Franz Treml and Wolfram Klein},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Emergency Evacuation of People from Buildings},
address = {Warzaw, Poland},
keywords = {groups},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@incollection{koster-2011-cdyn,
title = {Microscopic pedestrian simulations: From passenger exchange times to regional evacuation},
author = {Gerta Köster and Dirk Hartmann and Wolfram Klein},
editor = {Bo Hu and Karl Morasch and Stefan Pickl and Markus Siegle},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {Operations Research Proceedings 2010: Selected Papers of the Annual International Conference of the German Operations Research Society},
pages = {571--576},
publisher = {Springer},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
@article{koster-2011b-cdyn,
title = {On modelling the influence of group formations in a crowd},
author = {Gerta Köster and Michael Seitz and Franz Treml and Dirk Hartmann and Wolfram Klein},
doi = {10.1080/21582041.2011.619867},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Contemporary Social Science},
volume = {6},
number = {3},
pages = {397--414},
keywords = {group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{adachi-2011-cdyn,
title = {Development of walking analysis system consisting of mobile force plate and motion sensor},
author = {W. Adachi and N. Tsujiuchi and T. Koizumi and M. Aikawa and K. Shiojima and Y. Tsuchiya and Y. Inoue},
doi = {10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6090999},
isbn = {978-1-4577-1589-1},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society},
pages = {4022--4025},
publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers},
abstract = {In walking analysis, which is one useful method for efficient physical rehabilitation, the ground reaction force, the center of pressure, and the body orientation data are measured during walking. In the past, these data were measured by a 3D motion analysis system consisting of high-speed cameras and force plates, which must be installed in the floor. However, a conventional 3D motion analysis system can measure the ground reaction force and the center of pressure just on force plates during a few steps. In addition, the subjects' stride lengths are limited because they have to walk on the center of the force plate. These problems can be resolved by converting conventional devices into wearable devices. We used a measuring device consisting of portable force plates and motion sensors. We developed a walking analysis system that calculates the ground reaction force, the center of pressure, and the body orientations and measured a walking subject to estimate this system. We simultaneously used a conventional 3D motion analysis system to compare with our development system and showed its validity for measurements of ground reaction force and the center of pressure.},
keywords = {gait, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{aguirre-2011-cdyn,
title = {Contributions of social science to agent-based models of building evacuation},
author = {Benigno E. Aguirre and Sherif El-Tawil and Eric Best and Kimberly B. Gill and Vladimir Fedorov},
doi = {10.1080/21582041.2011.609380},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Contemporary Social Science},
volume = {6},
number = {3},
pages = {415--432},
keywords = {evacuation, modeling, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{alizadeh-2011-cdyn,
title = {A dynamic cellular automaton model for evacuation process with obstacles},
author = {R. Alizadeh},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753510002262},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.09.006},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {49},
number = {2},
pages = {315--323},
abstract = {A dynamic cellular automaton (CA) model is proposed to simulate the evacuation process in the rooms with obstacles. Besides the basic parameters such as human psychology, placement of the doors, doors width, position of the obstacles and light of the environment, distribution of the crowd plays an important role in this model. Applying our model, simulation of the evacuation process for a restaurant and a classroom are presented. Also effects of pedestrians distribution, doors position and doors width on the evacuation time are discussed and the obtained results are compared with several static models.},
keywords = {cellular automata},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{averill-2011-cdyn,
title = {Five Grand Challenges in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics},
author = {J. D. Averill},
editor = {Richard D. Peacock and Erica D. Kuligowski and Jason D. Averill},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4419-9725-8_1},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics},
pages = {1--11},
publisher = {Springer US},
address = {Boston, MA},
abstract = {This paper identifies five grand challenges in the multidisciplinary field of pedestrian and evacuation dynamics (PED). In order to maximize the effectiveness of limited resources, the PED community would benefit greatly from a prioritized, consensus-based research agenda. The five proposed research initiatives include (1) a general human behavior model with a theoretical foundation and numerical validity, (2) a database archiving actual building emergency evacuations, (3) methods to embrace the stochastic nature of inputs and outcomes in building evacuation, (4) a validated method to integrate distributions of egress calculations with fire hazard calculations, and (5) adoption of technology for people movement, data collection, and within modeling constructs. The list proffered in this paper may reflect the building evacuation perspective of the author and is intended merely as a spark for discussion amongst the greater PED community; a true consensus research agenda requires deliberation by leaders in the community.},
keywords = {pedestrian, uncertainty},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{baddeley-2011-cdyn,
title = {Holistic visual encoding of ant-like routes: Navigation without waypoints},
author = {Bart Baddeley and Paul Graham and Andrew Philippides and Philip Husbands},
doi = {10.1177/1059712310395410},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Adaptive Behavior},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {3--15},
abstract = {It is known that ants learn long visually guided routes through complex terrain. However, the mechanisms by which visual information is first learned and then used to control a route direction are not well understood. In this article, we propose a parsimonious mechanism for visually guided route following. We investigate whether a simple approach, involving scanning the environment and moving in the direction that appears most familiar, can provide a model of visually guided route learning in ants. We implement view familiarity as a means of navigation by training a classifier to determine whether a given view is part of a route and using the confidence in this classification as a proxy for familiarity. Through the coupling of movement and viewing direction, a familiar view specifies a familiar direction of viewing and thus a familiar movement to make. We show the feasibility of our approach as a model of ant-like route acquisition by learning a series of nontrivial routes through an indoor environment using a large gantry robot equipped with a panoramic camera.},
keywords = {animal, ants, biology, vision},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{becker-2011-cdyn,
title = {Flow control by periodic devices: a unifying language for the description of traffic, production, and metabolic systems},
author = {Till Becker and Moritz E. Beber and Katja Windt and Marc-Thorsten Hütt and Dirk Helbing},
doi = {10.1088/1742-5468/2011/05/P05004},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
volume = {2011},
number = {05},
pages = {P05004},
publisher = {IOP Publishing},
abstract = {Metabolic systems need to show high performance under typical 
environmental conditions and, at the same time, maintain certain functions 
under a broad range of perturbations and varying conditions. It is precisely this 
robustness with respect to large environmental changes that makes metabolic 
networks a potentially very interesting role model for technical production and 
distribution systems. Here we develop a formalism to compare these systems 
and show that optimization strategies from one domain can also be successfully 
applied to the other domains.},
keywords = {flow, modeling, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{bellomo-2011-cdyn,
title = {On the Modeling of Traffic and Crowds: A Survey of Models, Speculations, and Perspectives},
author = {Nicola Bellomo and Christian Dogbe},
doi = {10.1137/090746677},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {SIAM Review},
volume = {53},
number = {3},
pages = {409--463},
abstract = {This paper presents a review and critical analysis of the mathematical literature concerning 
the modeling of vehicular traffic and crowd phenomena. The survey of models deals with 
the representation scales and the mathematical frameworks that are used for the modeling 
approach. The paper also considers the challenging objective of modeling complex systems 
consisting of large systems of individuals interacting in a nonlinear manner, where one of 
the modeling difficulties is the fact that these systems are difficult to model at a global 
level when based only on the description of the dynamics of individual elements. The 
review is concluded with a critical analysis focused on research perspectives that consider 
the development of a unified modeling strategy.},
keywords = {crowd, modeling, scaling, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{berg-2011-cdyn,
title = {Reciprocal n-Body Collision Avoidance},
author = {Jur Berg and Stephen J. Guy and Ming Lin and Dinesh Manocha},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-19457-3_1},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics},
volume = {70},
pages = {3--19},
publisher = {Springer Science + Business Media},
abstract = {In this paper, we present a formal approach to reciprocal n-body collision avoidance, where multiple mobile robots need to avoid collisions with each other while moving in a common workspace. In our formulation, each robot acts fully independently, and does not communicate with other robots. Based on the definition of velocity obstacles [5], we derive sufficient conditions for collision-free motion by reducing the problem to solving a low-dimensional linear program. We test our approach on several dense and complex simulation scenarios involving thousands of robots and compute collision-free actions for all of them in only a few milliseconds. To the best of our knowledge, this method is the first that can guarantee local collision-free motion for a large number of robots in a cluttered workspace.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian, robotics, velocity obstacles},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{demeulemeester-2011-cdyn,
title = {Hybrid Path Planning for Massive Crowd Simulation on the GPU},
author = {Aljosha Demeulemeester and Charles-Frederik Hollemeersch and Pieter Mees and Bart Pieters and Peter Lambert and Rik Van de Walle},
editor = {Jan M. Allbeck and Petros Faloutsos},
isbn = {978-3-642-25090-3},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {Motion in Games},
pages = {304--315},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
keywords = {agent-based, gaming, gpgpu, gpu},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{durupinar-2011-cdyn,
title = {How the Ocean Personality Model Affects the Perception of Crowds},
author = {Funda Durupinar and Nuria Pelechano and Jan M. Allbeck and Ugur Güdükbay and Norman I. Badler},
doi = {10.1109/MCG.2009.105},
year  = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications},
volume = {31},
number = {3},
pages = {22--31},
abstract = {This approach extends the HiDAC (High-Density Autonomous Crowds) system by providing each agent with a personality model based on the Ocean (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) personality model. Each personality trait has an associated nominal behavior. Specifying an agents personality leads to an automation of low-level parameter tuning.},
keywords = {agents, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{hartmann-2010,
title = {Adaptive pedestrian dynamics based on geodesics},
author = {Dirk Hartmann},
doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/12/4/043032},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {New Journal of Physics},
volume = {12},
pages = {043032},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{hamacher-2010-cdyn,
title = {A sandwich approach for evacuation time bounds},
author = {Horst W Hamacher and S Heller and W Klein and Gerta Köster and Stefan Ruzika},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (PED)},
address = {Gaithersburg},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@incollection{klein-2010-cdyn,
title = {Towards the Calibration of Pedestrian Stream Models},
author = {Wolfram Klein and Gerta Köster and Andreas Meister},
editor = {Roman Wyrzykowski and Jack Dongarra and Konrad Karczewski and Jerzy Wasniewski},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-14403-5_55},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
booktitle = {Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics},
volume = {6068},
pages = {521--528},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
keywords = {calibration},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
@book{boccara-2010-cdyn,
title = {Modeling Complex Systems},
author = {Nino Boccara},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {New York},
edition = {2},
series = {Graduate Texts in Physics},
keywords = {cellular automata},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@article{costa-2010-cdyn,
title = {Interpersonal Distances in Group Walking},
author = {Marco Costa},
doi = {10.1007/s10919-009-0077-y},
issn = {0191-5886},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Nonverbal Behavior},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {15--26},
publisher = {Springer US},
abstract = {The spatial organization of 1,020 groups comprised of adolescents and young adults, observed in an ecological setting while walking, was analyzed. Observations were 
made in an urban environment where walking speed could be considered. The results 
showed that male dyads and triads tended to walk abreast less often than female dyads. 
Mixed dyads walked abreast more often than same-sex dyads; and the males preceded the 
females in two-thirds of the cases. The male groups walked at a higher rate of speed than 
the female groups. Walking speed was correlated to misalignment between group members when walking. The most frequent spatial arrangement in triads was a v-formation (as seen from above, while the walking direction was from left to right), with the middle individual positioned slightly behind in comparison to the lateral individuals. Groups comprised of more than three individuals tended to split themselves into single individuals, dyads, and triads.},
keywords = {group, pedestrian, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{dominguez-2010-cdyn,
title = {Neighbour lists in smoothed particle hydrodynamics},
author = {J. M. Domínguez and A. J. C. Crespo and M. Gómez-Gesteira and J. C. Marongiu},
doi = {10.1002/fld.2481},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids},
volume = {67},
number = {12},
pages = {2026--2042},
keywords = {molecular dynamics, nearest-neighbour},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{favier-2010-cdyn,
title = {Analytical models approximating individual processes: A validation method},
author = {C. Favier and N. Degallier and C. E. Menkès},
doi = {10.1016/j.mbs.2010.08.014},
issn = {0025-5564},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Mathematical Biosciences},
volume = {228},
number = {2},
pages = {127--135},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
keywords = {computer science, mathematics, multi-scale, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@incollection{frankenstein-2010-cdyn,
title = {Influence of Geometry and Objects on Local Route Choices during Wayfinding},
author = {Julia Frankenstein and Simon J. Büchner and Thora Tenbrink and Christoph Hölscher},
editor = {Christoph Hülscher and Thomas F. Shipley and Marta Olivetti Belardinelli and John A. Bateman and Nora S. Newcombe},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-14749-4_7},
isbn = {978-3-642-14748-7},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
booktitle = {Spatial Cognition VII},
volume = {6222},
pages = {41-53},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
abstract = {Navigational choices in novel environments are constrained by the wayfinders expectations on the paths development beyond the current line of sight. Such expectations may be informed by hallway structures as well as by objects indicating where a hallway may lead to. We study these effects by systematically varying both of these factors in a virtual reality indoor scenario. Results show that earlier findings in both areas gained predominantly in street networks also hold for buildings, and furthermore reveal for the first time how the two factors interact. In particular, attractive objects can cancel the attractive effects of long lines of sight as well as multiple path choices.},
keywords = {cognition, decision, navigation, virtual reality, wayfinding},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
@inproceedings{fujiyama-2010-cdyn,
title = {Predicting the walking speed of pedestrians on stairs},
author = {Taku Fujiyama and Nick Tyler},
doi = {10.1080/03081061003643770},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Planning and Technology},
volume = {33},
number = {2},
pages = {177--202},
publisher = {Routledge},
abstract = {In this paper, we propose a framework in which the behavior of a pedestrian is predicted based on the characteristics of both the pedestrian and the facility the pedestrian uses. As an example of its application, we develop a model to predict the walking speed of a pedestrian on stairs. We examine the physiology and biomechanics of walking on stairs, and then develop a model that predicts walking speed based on the weight and leg extensor power of the pedestrian, and the gradient of the stairs. The model was calibrated by experiment and validated by observations. The proposed framework establishes the importance of bridging the two types of characteristics: those of a pedestrian and those of the facility the pedestrian uses. Also, the developed walking speed model is useful for simulating how the design of stairs affects pedestrian circulation.},
keywords = {empirical, modeling, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{graham-2010-cdyn,
title = {Animal Cognition: Multi-modal Interactions in Ant Learning},
author = {Paul Graham and Andrew Philippides and Bart Baddeley},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2010.06.018},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Current Biology},
volume = {20},
number = {15},
pages = {R639--R640},
abstract = {A recent study shows that desert ants use a precise behaviour, based on the internal cues of path integration, to facilitate the learning of visual landmark information. This raises fascinating questions about how insects encode familiar terrain.},
keywords = {animal, ants, biology, cognition},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{hylander-2010-cdyn,
title = {Misunderstanding of out-group behaviour: Different interpretations of the same crowd events among police officers and demonstrators},
author = {Ingrid Hylander and Gunilla Guvå},
url = {https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/full/10.1027/1901-2276/a000020},
doi = {10.1027/1901-2276/a000020},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Nordic Psychology},
volume = {62},
issue = {4},
pages = {25--47},
abstract = {This study focuses on group behaviour between the police force and groups of demonstrators with respect to one group's ability to interpret the other group's behaviour and intentions. Data were collected from police and demonstrators regarding the same crowd events at the EU summit in Gothenburg in 2001. Five types of crowd events, three of which turned violent, are analysed. A theory about interactive aggravation and mitigation processes (AM model) was evolved. The model illuminates the different views of the police and the demonstrators. It particularly depicts three critical interactive processes, categorising, organising and mutual treatment, the extreme positions of which may be either aggravation (escalating conflicts and leading to riots) or mitigation (de-escalating conflicts and leading to peaceful demonstrations). It is further proposed that contextual factors such as type of demonstration and type of demonstrators significantly influence the way the police react to different types of crowds. The result supports the Elaborated Social Identity Model as proposed by Reicher and colleagues and the AM model is discussed with reference to that tradition.},
keywords = {behavior, crowd, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{karmakharm-2010-cdyn,
title = {Agent-based Large Scale Simulation of Pedestrians With Adaptive Realistic Navigation Vector Fields},
author = {Twin Karmakharm and Paul Richmond and Daniela M. Romano},
editor = {John Collomosse and Ian Grimstead},
doi = {10.2312/LocalChapterEvents/TPCG/TPCG10/067-074},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
booktitle = {Theory and Practice of Computer Graphics},
pages = {67-74},
publisher = {The Eurographics Association},
keywords = {gpgpu, gpu, parallel computation, parallel simulation, social forces, steering},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{laval-2010-cdyn,
title = {A mechanism to describe the formation and propagation of stop-and-go waves in congested freeway traffic},
author = {J. A. Laval and L. Leclercq},
doi = {10.1098/rsta.2010.0138},
issn = {1471-2962},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
volume = {368},
number = {1928},
pages = {4519--4541},
publisher = {The Royal Society},
keywords = {stop-and-go, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ma-2010-cdyn,
title = {k-Nearest-Neighbor interaction induced self-organized pedestrian counter flow},
author = {Jian Ma and Wei-guo Song and Jun Zhang and Siu-ming Lo and Guang-xuan Liao},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2010.01.014},
issn = {0378-4371},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {389},
number = {10},
pages = {2101--2117},
abstract = {A recent field study confirmed that animal crowd behavior is dominated by the interaction from the k-Nearest-Neighbors rather than all the neighbors in a given metric distance. For the reason that systems with local interaction perform similar self-organized phenomena, we in this paper build two models, i.e.,??a metric distance based model and a k-Nearest-Neighbor (kNN) counterflow model, based on a simple discrete cellular automaton model entitled the basic model, to investigate the fundamental interaction ruling pedestrian counter flow. Pedestrians move in a long channel and as a result are divided into left moving pedestrians and right moving pedestrians. These pedestrians interact with each other in different forms in different models. In the metric distance based model, ones direction of chosen behavior is influenced by all those who are in a small metric distance and come from the opposite direction; while in the kNN counterflow model, ones direction of chosen behavior is influenced by the distribution of a fixed number of the k-Nearest neighbors coming from the opposite direction. The self-organized lane formation is captured and factors affecting the number of lanes formed in the channel are investigated. Results imply that with varying density, the lane formation pattern is almost the same in the kNN counterflow model while it is not in the case of metric distance based model. This means that the kNN interaction plays a more fundamental role in the emergence of collective pedestrian phenomena. Then the kNN counterflow model is further validated by comparing the lane formation pattern and the fundamental diagram with real pedestrian counter flow. Reasons for the lane formation and improvement of flow rate are discussed. The relations among mean velocity, occupancy and total entrance density of the model are also studied. The results indicate that the kNN interaction provides a more efficient traffic condition, and is able to quantify features such as segregation and phase transition at high density of pedestrian traffic.},
keywords = {bidirectional, experiment, lane formation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@book{treiber-2010-cdyn,
title = {Verkehrsdynamik und -simulation: Daten, Modelle und Anwendungen der Verkehrsflussdynamik},
author = {Martin Treiber and Arne Kesting},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
publisher = {Springer},
keywords = {Lehrbuch},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@book{holzbaur-2010-cdyn,
title = {Eventmanagement: Veranstaltungen professionell zum Erfolg führen},
author = {Ulrich Holzbaur and Edwin Jettinger and Bernhard Knauß and Ralf Moser and Markus Zeller},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin Heidelberg},
edition = {4},
keywords = {Lehrbuch},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@article{novelli-2010-cdyn,
title = {Come together: Two studies concerning the impact of group relations on personal space},
author = {David Novelli and John Drury and Steve Reicher},
doi = {10.1348/014466609X449377},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Social Psychology},
volume = {49},
number = {2},
pages = {223--236},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
abstract = {This paper describes two experiments investigating the impact of group relations on personal space. In Study 1, participants (N =39) in minimal groups were told that they would be interacting with another person. In line with expectations, personal space (as measured by the distance between chairs) was significantly less in the intragroup context than in the intergroup and interpersonal contexts. This finding was replicated in Study 2 (N =80) using an improved experimental design. These results are discussed in terms of developing a self-categorization account of personal space and crowding.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@phdthesis{novelli-2010b-cdyn,
title = {The Social Psychology of Spatiality and Crowding},
author = {David Lee Novelli},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
school = {University of Sussex},
keywords = {behavior, crowd, crowding, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@book{oberkampf-2010-cdyn,
title = {Verification and Validation in Scientific Computing},
author = {William L. Oberkampf and Christopher J. Roy},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge},
keywords = {validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@article{orosz-2010-cdyn,
title = {Traffic jams: dynamics and control},
author = {G. Orosz and R. E. Wilson and G. Stepan},
doi = {10.1098/rsta.2010.0205},
issn = {1471-2962},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
volume = {368},
number = {1928},
pages = {4455--4479},
publisher = {The Royal Society},
keywords = {stop-and-go, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{qiu-2010-cdyn,
title = {Modeling group structures in pedestrian crowd simulation},
author = {Fasheng Qiu and Xiaolin Hu},
doi = {10.1016/j.simpat.2009.10.005},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {190--205},
abstract = {Grouping is a common phenomenon in pedestrian crowds and plays important roles in affecting crowd behavior. Group modeling is still an open challenging problem and has not been incorporated by existing crowd simulation models. Motivated by the need of group modeling for crowd behavior simulation, this paper presents a unified and well-defined framework for modeling the structure aspect of different groups in a pedestrian crowd. Both intra-group structure and inter-group relationships are considered and their effects on the crowd behavior are modeled. Based on this framework, an agent-based crowd simulation system is developed and crowd behavior simulations using two different group structures are presented. The simulation results show that the developed framework allows different group structures to be easily modeled. Besides, different group sizes, intra-group structures and inter-group relationships can have significant impacts on crowd behavior.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inbook{reicher-2010b-cdyn,
title = {Collective Identity, Political Participation, and the Making of the Social Self},
author = {Stephen D. Reicher and John Drury},
editor = {Assaad E. Azzi and Xenia Chryssochoou and Bert Klandermans and Bernd Simon},
doi = {10.1002/9781444328158.ch8},
isbn = {9781444328158},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
booktitle = {Identity and Participation in Culturally Diverse Societies},
pages = {158--175},
publisher = {John Wiley & Sons},
chapter = {8},
abstract = {This chapter contains sections titled: The Impact of Collective Participation, Classic (Mis)understandings of Crowd Behavior, Social Identity and Collective Investment in Crowds, Intergroup Dynamics and the Locus of Identification in Crowds, Conclusion, References},
keywords = {behavior, crowd, psychology, social identity},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
@article{rollero-2010-cdyn,
title = {Place attachment, identification and environment perception: An empirical study},
author = {Chiara Rollero and Norma De Piccol},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.12.003},
issn = {0272-4944},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},
volume = {30},
number = {2},
pages = {198--205},
abstract = {The relationship between people and places is characterized by affective and cognitive dimensions, defined, respectively, as place attachment and identification. This paper aims at clarifying differences between place attachment and identification by (1) identifying their predictors in a structural equation model and (2) exploring their association with the environmental perception. To this purpose, we conducted a research on a sample of 328 residents of a city in the north of Italy. Results show that the affective and the cognitive dimensions (1) are directly predicted by different demographical and psychosocial variables and (2) are strictly associated to the perception of the place and its inhabitants. Place attachment and identification are two distinct but correlated components. Semantic contents related to the environmental perception are described in respect to different levels of attachment and identification.},
keywords = {ants, attachment theory, modeling, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{rueger-2010-cdyn,
title = {Präferenzen bei der Sitzplatzwahl in Fernreisezügen},
author = {Bernhard Rüger and Carina Loibl},
url = {http://www.eurailpress.de/etr},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Eisenbahntechnische Rundschau (ETR)},
volume = {59},
number = {11},
pages = {774--777},
abstract = {Fahrgäste in Fernreisezügen haben sehr genaue Vorstellungen, wo sie während der Bahnfahrt sitzen möchten. Bei ausreichender Wahlmöglichkeit zeigt sich, dass Bahnreisende Präferenzen für bestimmte Sitzplatzkategorien haben, die bei der Sitzplatzwahl zum Vorschein kommen.},
keywords = {seating},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{sarmady-2010-cdyn,
title = {Simulating Crowd Movements Using Fine Grid Cellular Automata},
author = {S. Sarmady and F. Haron and A. Z. Talib},
doi = {10.1109/UKSIM.2010.85},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
booktitle = {2010 12th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation},
pages = {428--433},
abstract = {Cellular automata models have been extensively used for simulating pedestrian movements. One weakness of this type of models, is the size of the cells which is mostly considered to be of the size of a pedestrian (i.e. 40cm*40cm or near to it). Each pedestrian stands in a single cell and during simulation time steps, transits to neighbouring cells. The size of the cells dictates discrete speed steps for pedestrians and chess like movements. A pedestrian could move one or more cells in a simulation time step or do not move at all. In order to have more smooth movement and different speeds for pedestrians (i.e. from different ages, physical and health status) we propose a finer grid cellular automata. We use this model to build a least effort cellular automata movement algorithm. The algorithm has been used in small scale movement layer of our multi-agent crowd simulation platform in order to allow more realistic simulations of crowd flows. A simple walkway scenario has been used to test the outcome of the model. Results of the simulation are reported in this paper.},
keywords = {cellular automata},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@phdthesis{schultz-2010-cdyn,
title = {Entwicklung eines individuenbasierten Modells zur Abbildung des Bewegungsverhaltens von Passagieren im Flughafenterminal},
author = {Michael Schultz},
year  = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
school = {Technische Universität Dresden},
abstract = {Mit der Entwicklung eines stochastischen Modells zur Abbildung des Bewegungsverhal-tens von Passagieren wird die Basis fuer eine virtuelle Anwendungsumgebung geschaffen,mit der die Passagierabfertigungsprozesse im Flughafenterminal und die hierfuer notwen-digen Infrastrukturen modelliert, implementiert, untersucht und gezielt optimiert wer-den konnen. Es werden vorhandene wissenschaftliche Modellansaetze zur mikroskopischenAgentensimulation kritisch gewuerdigt und Anforderungen an das zu entwickelnde Bewe-gungsmodell abgeleitet. Das eigens entwickelte stochastische Bewegungsmodell stellt dieErweiterung eines raeumlich diskreten mikroskopischen Modells auf Basis eines zellularenAutomaten dar, wobei Defizite aufgrund der verwendeten diskreten Gitterstruktur bereitsauf Modellebene kompensiert werden. Zu den Erweiterungen zaehlen die autonome Umge-bungsanalyse und die Routenplanung des Agenten, die Abbildung weitreichender Wech-selwirkungen zwischen den Agenten und die Beruecksichtigung von gruppendynamischenEntscheidungen. Durch die Validierung des stochastischen Bewegungsmodells anhand desFundamentaldiagramms fuer Fussgaenger kann gezeigt werden, dass das Modell in der La-ge ist, den charakteristischen Verlauf der Geschwindigkeit in Relation zur Agentendichtequantitativ abzubilden. Auch typische, in der Realitaet beobachtbare Selbstorganisations-effekte konnen durch das Modell reproduziert werden.Fuer die Anwendung des stochastischen Modells zur Abbildung des Bewegungsverhal-tens von Passagieren im Flughafenterminal wird das Modell durch empirisch erhobenePassagierbewegungsdaten kalibriert. Die Datenerhebung erfolgt am Flughafen Dresdenunter Verwendung eines entwickelten videogestuetzten Bewegungsverfolgungssystems underlaubt eine gezielte Kalibrierung hinsichtlich der Passagierparameter: Geschlecht, Reise-motivation (privat oder geschaeftlich), Gruppengrosse sowie Gepaeckart und -anzahl. Fuerdie Erstellung der virtuellen Terminalumgebung werden die Passagierabfertigungsprozes-se eingehend analysiert und die Prozesszeiten der jeweiligen Abfertigungsstationen durchspezifische Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen modelliert. Hierfuer stehen empirische Date-nerhebungen am Flughafen Stuttgart zur Verfuegung, die eine detaillierte Prozessanalysehinsichtlich der Passagierparameter und der Prozessparameter (Erfahrung des Personals,Reaktionszeiten bei Storungen) erlauben.Im Anschluss an die Kalibrierung des stochastischen Bewegungsmodells und die Model-lierung der Passagierabfertigungsprozesse erfolgt die Entwicklung einer Anwendungsum-gebung fuer die Implementierung des virtuellen Flughafens. Durch den modularen Aufbau der Anwendungsumgebung ist eine effiziente Implementierung der Flughafenstrukturen(Grundriss, Flugplan, Personaleinsatz), der Abfertigungsprozesse und des stochastischenBewegungsmodells moglich. Die Anwendungsumgebung stellt dabei einen uebergeordnetenRahmen dar, durch den eine allgemeine Nutzerschnittstelle (Konfigurationsumgebung),eine grafische Ergebnisaufbereitung und die dreidimensionale Abbildung des Bewegungs-verhaltens der Passagiere zur Verfuegung steht.Die Anwendung des entwickelten stochastischen Bewegungsmodells erfolgt fuer die Va-lidierung der Passagierabfertigungsprozesse (Check-In und Sicherheitskontrolle), fuer dieEntwicklung einer passagierbezogener Prozessbewertung und fuer die vollstaendige Abbil-dung der Terminalprozesse (Abflug) am Beispiel des Flughafens Dresden. Durch die Ana-lyse des Einstiegsverhaltens der Passagiere in ein Verkehrsflugzeug werden die Notwendig-keit des Einsatzes stochastischer Bewegungsmodelle und das Potential mikroskopischerModellierungsansaetze verdeutlicht. Das entwickelte stochastische Bewegungsmodell kanndas Passagierverhalten auch in komplexen Umgebungen umfaenglich widerspiegeln und dieentwickelte Anwendungsumgebung stellt einen idealen Rahmen fuer die Modellanwendungund -weiterentwicklung dar. Durch die anwendungsorientierten Implementierungen stehteine Vielzahl von geeigneten Detaillosungen zur Verfuegung, um den zukuenftigen wissen-schaftlichen und praxisrelevanten Herausforderungen der Personendynamik zu begegnen.},
keywords = {cellular automata, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@article{papadimitriou-2009-cdyn,
title = {A critical assessment of pedestrian behaviour models},
author = {Eleonora Papadimitriou and George Yannis and John Golias},
doi = {10.1016/j.trf.2008.12.004},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {242--255},
abstract = {This paper concerns a review and critical assessment of the existing research on pedestrian behaviour in urban areas, focusing on two separate yet complementary aspects: route choice and crossing behaviour. First, an exhaustive review of the existing route choice models for pedestrians is presented. It is shown that the existing models are mainly more stochastic and more macroscopic than required and seldom incorporate the interactions between pedestrians and traffic. Second, the existing models on pedestrians crossing behaviour are presented and assessed. It is shown that, although their approach is usually detailed, deterministic and traffic-oriented, they are mainly devoted to a local level behaviour and focus on only one type of all the potential determinants. Most importantly, these two complementary and possibly interdependent aspects of pedestrian behaviour are always examined separately. The results of this review reveal a lack of an overall and detailed consideration of pedestrian behaviour along an entire trip in urban areas. Moreover, the need for an integrated approach based on flexibility, disaggregation and more determinism is identified. Accordingly, a set of modelling techniques are discussed as a general framework for further research in the field.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{paris-2009-cdyn,
title = {Activity-Driven Populace: A Cognitive Approach to Crowd Simulation},
author = {Sébastien Paris and Stéphane Donikian},
doi = {10.1109/MCG.2009.58},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications},
volume = {29},
number = {4},
pages = {34--43},
abstract = {Simulating a natural-looking virtual populace requires modeling different behavioral levels to mimic how people choose and organize their activities. A multilayer behavior model for crowd simulation can help developers endow each entity with high-level objectives built on top of a reactive and cognitive decision system.},
keywords = {behavior, decision, informatics, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{proulx-2009-cdyn,
title = {Evacuation from a single family house},
author = {G. Proulx},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on human behaviour in fire. Robinson College, Cambridge, UK},
pages = {255--266},
keywords = {affiliation, fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{robin-2009-cdyn,
title = {Specification, estimation and validation of a pedestrian walking behavior model},
author = {Th Robin and G. Antonini and M. Bierlaire and J. Cruz},
doi = {10.1016/j.trb.2008.06.010},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part B: Methodological},
volume = {43},
number = {1},
pages = {36--56},
abstract = {We propose and validate a model for pedestrian walking behavior, based on discrete choice modeling. Two main types of behavior are identified: unconstrained and constrained. By unconstrained, we refer to behavior patterns which are independent from other individuals. The constrained patterns are captured by a leader-follower model and by a collision avoidance model. The spatial correlation between the alternatives is captured by a cross nested logit model. The model is estimated by maximum likelihood estimation on a real data set of pedestrian trajectories, manually tracked from video sequences. The model is successfully validated using a bi-directional flow data set, collected in controlled experimental conditions at Delft university.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{rybacki-2009-cdyn,
title = {Experiments with Single Core, Multi-core, and GPU Based Computation of Cellular Automata},
author = {S. Rybacki and J. Himmelspach and A. M. Uhrmacher},
doi = {10.1109/SIMUL.2009.36},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
booktitle = {2009 First International Conference on Advances in System Simulation},
pages = {62--67},
keywords = {cellular automata, gpgpu, gpu},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{schankin-2009-cdyn,
title = {Cognitive processes facilitated by contextual cueing: Evidence from event-related brain potentials},
author = {Andrea Schankin and Anna Schubö},
doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00807.x},
issn = {1469-8986},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Psychophysiology},
volume = {46},
number = {3},
pages = {668--679},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Inc},
abstract = {Finding a target in repeated search displays is faster than finding the same target in novel ones (contextual cueing). It is assumed that the visual context (the arrangement of the distracting objects) is used to guide attention efficiently to the target location. Alternatively, other factors, e.g., facilitation in early visual processing or in response selection, may play a role as well. In a contextual cueing experiment, participant's electrophysiological brain activity was recorded. Participants identified the target faster and more accurately in repeatedly presented displays. In this condition, the N2pc, a component reflecting the allocation of visual-spatial attention, was enhanced, indicating that attention was allocated more efficiently to those targets. However, also response-related processes, reflected by the LRP, were facilitated, indicating that guidance of attention cannot account for the entire contextual cueing benefit.},
keywords = {ants, cognition, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{steffen-2009-cdyn,
title = {Modeling of pedestrian movement around 90 and 180 degree bends},
author = {B. Steffen and A. Seyfried},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {arXiv},
volume = {0912.0610},
number = {v1},
abstract = {For the planning of large pedestrian facilities, the movement of pedestrians in various situations has to be modelled. Many tools for pedestrian planning are based on cellular automata (CA), discrete in space and time, some use self driven pargticles (SDP), continuous in space and time. It is common experience that CA have problems with modelling sharp bends in wide corridors. They tend to move the pedestrians to the innermost lanes far too strongly, thereby reducing the capacity of the facility. With SDP, the problem seems to be less pronounced but still present. With CA, we compare the performance of two standard shortest distance based static floors on 90 and 180 degree bends with a newly defined one. For SDP, we demonstrate how variations in the modeling of the momentary destination of the agents influence trajectories and capacity.},
keywords = {cellular automata, empirical, fire, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{steiner-2009-cdyn,
title = {Speeding up the airplane boarding process by using pre-boarding areas},
author = {Albert Steiner and Michael Phillipp},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
booktitle = {Swiss Transport Research Conference},
address = {Ascona, Switzerland},
abstract = {One major business of civil aviation is to carry passengers between airports while providing 
good customer services at low costs. The turn time of an airplane, i.e. broadly speaking, the 
time that an airplane is on ground, is crucial for its utilisation and thus for the airlines profitability. 
From this it follows, that the turn time needs to be as short as possible. 
In this paper we analyse various actions (inside and outside the airplane) to reduce the boarding 
time and hence the turn time. These actions were investigated with a specifically developed 
simulation tool (the Airplane Boarding Simulator (ABS)), and cover the whole process from 
(and including) the gate until the passengers arrive at their seats. 
The simulation model was calibrated by using video data from observations of eight boardings 
at Zurich airport. The primary goal was to determine the impact of the following factors on the 
boarding time: (i) number of pieces of hand luggage, (ii) pre-boarding area (and timing), (iii) 
boarding (seating) strategy inside the airplane, (iv) procedures at the gate desk (power-boarding, 
additional staff). 
Based on the experiences on-site and the results of the simulations we found, that with a reduced 
number of pieces of hand luggage, the use of a pre-boarding area and an appropriate 
boarding (seating) strategy, a reduction of the boarding time of around four minutes for airplanes 
of similar size than the Airbus A321 is possible. Moreover, we outline feasible actions 
that could lead to further improvements. In any case, a good coordination of the actions taken is 
of crucial importance, together with an appropriate training of the staff (airplane crew and 
ground) and a clear and easy to understand information of the passengers.},
keywords = {airplane, modeling, simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{thulasidasan-2009-cdyn,
title = {Accelerating traffic microsimulations: A parallel discrete-event queue-based approach for speed and scale},
author = {Sunil Thulasidasan and Stephan Eidenbenz},
doi = {10.1109/WSC.2009.5429673},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the 2009 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)},
pages = {2457-2466},
keywords = {cellular automata, parallel computation, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{wiener-2009-cdyn,
title = {Taxonomy of Human Wayfinding Tasks: A Knowledge-Based Approach},
author = {Jan M. Wiener and Simon J. Büchner and Christoph Hölscher},
doi = {10.1080/13875860902906496},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Spatial Cognition and Computation: An Interdisciplinary Journal},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {152--165},
abstract = {Although the term Wayfinding has been defined by several authors, it subsumes a whole set of tasks that involve different cognitive processes, drawing on different cognitive components. Research on wayfinding has been conducted with different paradigms using a variety of wayfinding tasks. This makes it difficult to compare the results and implications of many studies. A systematic classification is needed in order to determine and investigate the cognitive processes and structural components of how humans solve wayfinding problems. Current classifications of wayfinding distinguish tasks on a rather coarse level or do not take the navigators knowledge, a key factor in wayfinding, into account.We present an extended taxonomy of wayfinding that distinguishes tasks by external constraints as well as by the level of spatial knowledge that is available to the navigator. The taxonomy will help to decrease ambiguity of wayfinding tasks and it will facilitate understanding of the differentiated demands a navigator faces when solving wayfinding problems.},
keywords = {cognition, navigation, wayfinding},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{wykowska-2009-cdyn,
title = {How you move is what you see: Action planning biases selection in visual search},
author = {Agnieszka Wykowska and Anna Schubö and Bernhard Hommel},
doi = {10.1037/a0016798},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},
volume = {35},
number = {6},
pages = {1755--1769},
abstract = {Three experiments investigated the impact of planning and preparing a manual grasping or pointing movement on feature detection in a visual search task. The authors hypothesized that action planning may prime perceptual dimensions that provide information for the open parameters of that action. Indeed, preparing for grasping facilitated detection of size targets while preparing for pointing facilitated detection of luminance targets. Following the Theory of Event Coding (Hommel, Müsseler, Aschersleben, & Prinz, 2001b), the authors suggest that perceptual dimensions may be intentionally weighted with respect to an intended action. More interesting, the action-related influences were observed only when participants searched for a predefined target. This implies that action-related weighting is not independent from task-relevance weighting. To account for our findings, the authors suggest an integrative model of visual search that incorporates input from action-planning processes.},
keywords = {ants, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{hanson-2009-cdyn,
title = {Swedish anthropometrics for product and workplace design},
author = {Lars Hanson and Lena Sperling and Gunvor Gard and Staffan Ipsen and Cindy Olivares Vergara},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687008001324},
doi = {10.1016/j.apergo.2008.08.007},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Applied Ergonomics},
volume = {40},
number = {4},
pages = {797--806},
abstract = {The present study describes the anthropometrics of the Swedish workforce, aged 18--65, and compares the measurements with data collected four decades earlier. This anthropometric information is based on measurements of a total of 367 subjects, 105 males and 262 females. Of the 367 subjects, 268 responded to advertisements (Study A) and 99 were randomly selected from a community register (Study B). Subjects were scanned in four positions. Manual measuring equipment was used for hands, feet, head and stature. As differences between significant measurements in Studies A and B were negligible, the data were merged. Anthropometric descriptive statistics of women and men are presented for 43 body dimensions. Participants represent the Swedish population fairly well when compared with national statistics of stature and weight. Comparing new anthropometric data with old shows that the breadth, depth, height, and length measurements of Swedes as well as weight have increased and that Swedish anthropometric homogeneity has decreased. The results indicate that there is a need to update ergonomic recommendations and adjust products and workplaces to the new information.},
keywords = {ants, biology, measurements},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{herbordt-2009-cdyn,
title = {Parallel Discrete Event Simulation of Molecular Dynamics Through Event-Based Decomposition},
author = {M. C. Herbordt and M. A. Khan and T. Dean},
doi = {10.1109/ASAP.2009.39},
issn = {1063-6862},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
booktitle = {2009 20th IEEE International Conference on Application-specific Systems, Architectures and Processors},
pages = {129-136},
keywords = {domain decomposition, event driven update, load balancing, molecular dynamics, parallel computation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{hoecker-2009-cdyn,
title = {Genetic algorithms as a means of adjusting pedestrian dynamics models},
author = {Mario Hoecker and P. Milbracht},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the First International Conference on Soft Computing Technology in Civil, Structural and Eviromental Engineering (CSC), Funchal, Madeira.},
pages = {16},
keywords = {calibration, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{johansson-2009-cdyn,
title = {Constant-net-time headway as a key mechanism behind pedestrian flow dynamics},
author = {Anders Johansson},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.80.026120},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {80},
issue = {2},
pages = {026120},
abstract = {We show that keeping a constant lower limit on the net-time headway is the key mechanism behind the dynamics of pedestrian streams. There is a large variety in flow and speed as functions of density for empirical data of pedestrian streams obtained from studies in different countries. The net-time headway, however, stays approximately constant over all these different data sets. By using this fact, we demonstrate how the underlying dynamics of pedestrian crowds, naturally follows from local interactions. This means that there is no need to come up with an arbitrary fit function (with arbitrary fit parameters) as has traditionally been done. Further, by using not only the average density values but the variance as well, we show how the recently reported stop-and-go waves [ Helbing et al. Phys. Rev. E 75 046109 (2007)] emerge when local density variations take values exceeding a certain maximum global (average) density, which makes pedestrians stop.},
keywords = {pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kirik-2009-cdyn,
title = {The Shortest Time and/or the Shortest Path Strategies in a CA FF Pedestrian Dynamics Model},
author = {Ekaterina S. Kirik and Tatyana B. Yurgelyan and Dmitriy V. Krouglov},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Mathematics and Physics},
volume = {2},
number = {3},
pages = {271--278},
abstract = {The paper deals with a mathematical model of a pedestrian movement based on a stochastic cellular automata (CA) approach. A basis of the model obtained is the Floor Field (FF) model. FF models imply that virtual people follow the shortest path strategy. However, in reality people follow the strategy of the shortest time as well. The focus of the paper is on mathematical formalization and implementation of these features into a model of pedestrian movement. Some results of computer simulations are presented.},
keywords = {artificial intelligence, cellular automata, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kretz-2009c-cdyn,
title = {Computation Speed of the F.A.S.T. Model},
author = {Tobias Kretz},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0911.2900},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/0911.2900},
keywords = {cellular automata, parallel computation, parallel simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@techreport{kuligowski-2009-cdyn,
title = {The Process of Human Behavior in Fires},
author = {Erica D. Kuligowski},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
number = {1632},
institution = {Fire Research Division Building and Fire Research Laboratory},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
@article{macdonald-2009-cdyn,
title = {Lateral excitation of bridges by balancing pedestrian},
author = {John H. G. Macdonald},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.2008.0367},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Science},
volume = {465},
pages = {1055--1073},
abstract = {On its opening day, the London Millennium Bridge (LMB) experienced unexpected large amplitude lateral vibrations due to crowd loading. This form of pedestrian--structure interaction has since been identified on several other bridges of various structural forms. The mechanism has generally been attributed to 'pedestrian synchronous lateral excitation' or 'pedestrian lock-in'. However, some of the more recent site measurements have shown a lack of evidence of pedestrian synchronization, at least at the onset of the behaviour. This paper considers a simple model of human balance from the biomechanics field--the inverted pendulum model--for which the most effective means of lateral stabilization is by the control of the position, rather than the timing, of foot placement. The same balance strategy as for normal walking on a stationary surface is applied to walking on a laterally oscillating bridge. As a result, without altering their pacing frequency, averaged over a large number of cycles, the pedestrian effectively acts as a negative (or positive) damper to the bridge motion, which may be at a different frequency. This is in agreement with the empirical model developed by Arup from the measurements on the LMB, leading to divergent amplitude vibrations above a critical number of pedestrians.},
keywords = {stepping behavior},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kretz-2009,
title = {Pedestrian traffic: on the quickest path},
author = {Tobias Kretz},
doi = {10.1088/1742-5468/2009/03/P03012},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
volume = {2009},
number = {03},
pages = {P03012},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@incollection{balmer-2008-cdyn,
title = {MATSim-T: Architecture and Simulation Times},
author = {M. Balmer and M. Rieser and K. Meister D. Charypar and N. Lefebvre and K. Nagel and K. W. Axhausen},
editor = {A. L. C. Bazzan and F. Klügl},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
booktitle = {Multi-Agent Systems for Traffic and Transportation Engineering},
journal = {Multi-Agent Systems for Traffic and Transportation Engineering},
pages = {57--78},
publisher = {Hershey},
series = {Information Science Reference},
abstract = {Micro-simulations for transport planning are becoming increasingly important in traffic 
simulation, traffic analysis, and traffic forecasting. In the last decades the shift from using 
typically aggregated data to more detailed, individual based, complex data (e.g. GPS tracking) 
and the continuously growing computer performance on fixed price level leads to the possibility 
of using microscopic models for large scale planning regions. 
This chapter presents such a micro-simulation. The work is part of the research project 
MATSim (Multi Agent Transport Simulation). In the chapter here the focus 
lies on design and implementation issues as well as on computational performance of different 
parts of the system. 
Based on a study of Swiss daily traffic - ca. 2.3 million individuals using motorized individual 
transport producing about 7.1 million trips, assigned to a Swiss network model with about 60000 
links, simulated and optimized completely time-dynamic for a complete workday - it is shown 
that the system is able to generate those traffic patterns in about 36 hours computation time.},
keywords = {microscopic, modeling, traffic, transportation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
@article{cocking-2009-cdyn,
title = {The psychology of crowd behaviour in emergency evacuations: Results from two interview studies and implications for the Fire and Rescue Services},
author = {Chris Cocking and John Drury and Steve Reicher},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {The Irish Journal of Psychology},
volume = {30},
number = {1--2},
pages = {59--73},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{couzin-2009-cdyn,
title = {Collective cognition in animal groups},
author = {Iain D. Couzin},
doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2008.10.002},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {36--43},
abstract = {The remarkable collective action of organisms such as swarming ants, schooling fish and flocking birds has long captivated the attention of artists, naturalists, philosophers and scientists. Despite a long history of scientific investigation, only now are we beginning to decipher the relationship between individuals and group-level properties. This interdisciplinary effort is beginning to reveal the underlying principles of collective decision-making in animal groups, demonstrating how social interactions, individual state, environmental modification and processes of informational amplification and decay can all play a part in tuning adaptive response. It is proposed that important commonalities exist with the understanding of neuronal processes and that much could be learned by considering collective animal behavior in the framework of cognitive science.},
keywords = {animal, ants, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{dignum-2009-cdyn,
title = {Emergence and enforcement of social behavior},
author = {Frank Dignum and Virginia Dignum},
editor = {R. S. Anderssen and R. D. Braddock and L. T. H. Newham},
url = {https://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim09/H4/dignum.pdf},
isbn = {978-0-9758400-7-8},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
booktitle = {18th World IMACS Congress and MODSIM09 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation},
pages = {2942--2948},
publisher = {Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand and International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation},
abstract = {Complex social systems require an understanding of individuals, networks, institutions and 
cultures. Where regulations assure efficient coordination between individuals and groups and their needs and 
requirements, cultural and personality differences result in different behaviors and interpretations of global 
aims. Due to the dynamic mechanisms of social interaction, this results in a cyclic pattern with norms 
enforcing behavior and behavior generating norms. Current modeling tools often only consider one or the 
other direction of this cycle. I.e. one can either design systems where individual behavior is 'forced' to 
adhere to institutional norms, or analyze the emergence of global behavior resulting from 'free' individual 
behaviors.},
keywords = {agents, computer science, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{erra-2009-cdyn,
title = {An Efficient GPU Implementation for Large Scale Individual-Based Simulation of Collective Behavior},
author = {U. Erra and B. Frola and V. Scarano and I. Couzin},
doi = {10.1109/HiBi.2009.11},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
booktitle = {High Performance Computational Systems Biology, 2009. HIBI '09. International Workshop on},
pages = {51-58},
keywords = {agent-based, animal, fish, gpu, parallel computation, parallel simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{ngai-2009-cdyn,
title = {Human Stampedes: A Systematic Review of Historical and Peer-Reviewed Sources},
author = {Ka Ming Ngai and Frederick M. Burkle and Anthony Hsu and Edbert B. Hsu},
doi = {10.1097/DMP.0b013e3181c5b494},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness},
volume = {3},
number = {4},
pages = {191--195},
keywords = {disaster},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{zhou-2009-cdyn,
title = {Study on the Evacuation Simulation Based on Cellular Automata},
author = {S. Zhou},
doi = {10.1109/ITCS.2009.233},
year  = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
booktitle = {2009 International Conference on Information Technology and Computer Science},
volume = {2},
pages = {481--484},
abstract = {A two-dimensional cellular automata model of simulating public building evacuation process was proposed. Cellular space and cellular states were defined. Rules of individualpsilas evacuation behavior were established. Sheep metal and building structure impact on evacuation were discussed. The rationality of simulation was supported by experimental results.},
keywords = {cellular automata},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{galea-2008-cdyn,
title = {Approximating the Evacuation of the World Trade Center North Tower using Computer Simulation},
author = {Ed R. Galea and G. Sharp and P. J. Lawrence and R. Holden},
doi = {10.1177/1042391507079343},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Fire Protection Engineering},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {85--115},
abstract = {This article concerns an investigation of the full scale evacuation of a building with a configuration similar to that of the World Trade Center (WTC) north tower using computer simulation. A range of evacuation scenarios is explored in order to better understand the evacuation of the WTC on 11 September 2001. The analysis makes use of response time data derived from a study of published WTC survivor accounts. Geometric details of the building are obtained from architects' plans while the total building population used in the scenarios is based on estimates produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology formal investigation into the evacuation. This paper attempts to approximate the events of 11 September 2001 and pursue several `what if' questions concerning the evacuation. In particular, the study explores the likely outcome had a single staircase survived intact from top to bottom. More generally, this paper explores issues associated with the practical limits of building size that can be expected to be efficiently evacuated using stairs alone.},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@book{graziani-2008-cdyn,
title = {Computational Methods In Transport: Verification And Validation},
editor = {Frank Graziani},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
publisher = {Springer},
series = {Lecture Notes In Computational Science And Engineering},
keywords = {validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@book{gross-2008-cdyn,
title = {Fundamentals of Queueing Theory},
author = {Donald Gross and John F. Shortle and James M. Thompson and Carl M. Harris},
url = {http://mason.gmu.edu/~jshortle/fqt4th.html},
isbn = {9780471791270},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
publisher = {Wiley India Pvt. Limited},
edition = {4},
keywords = {queues},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@article{kretz-2008-cdyn,
title = {Upstairs walking speed distributions on a long stair},
author = {Tobias Kretz and Anna Grünebohm and Andreas Keßel and Hubert Klüpfel and Tim Meyer-König and Michael Schreckenberg},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2006.10.001},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {46},
number = {1},
pages = {72--78},
abstract = {In this work results from an examination of upstairs walking speeds at the outer stairway of the Dutch pavilion at the Expo 2000 in Hannover are presented. The distribution of horizontal walking speeds exhibits a maximum between 0.4 and 0.5 m/s, depending on the local density. To underline the need to measure walking speeds on long stairways if one wants to predict travelling times on long stairways, these results are compared to a second study of walking speeds on a short stair. The main result of that measurement is, that some people actually accelerate when walking upward a short stairway, while such a phenomenon could neither be observed for downward motion on the short stairway nor for upward motion on the long stairway. The mean upward walking speed on the short stairway was found to be roughly twice as large as the one on the long stairway, which corresponds to the data found in the literature. Both studies were done by digitally filming the walking persons and evaluating the resulting material frame by frame for the walking times. Together the results suggest, that the speed on stairs does not only vary greatly depending on the length of the stairway, but also that there is no common scaling factor for the speed on stairs in dependence of the length of the stairway for the whole population. This has consequences, e.g. for the construction of simulation models.},
keywords = {ants, empirical, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@book{ng-2008-cdyn,
title = {Queueing Modelling Fundamentals: With Applications in Communication Networks},
author = {Chee-Hock Ng and Soong Boon-Hee},
isbn = {978-0-470-51957-8},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
publisher = {Wiley},
keywords = {queues},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@inproceedings{pereira-2008-cdyn,
title = {Formal Modelling of Emotions in BDI Agents},
author = {David Pereira and Eugénio Oliveira and Nelma Moreira},
editor = {Fariba Sadri and Ken Satoh},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-88833-8_4},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
booktitle = {Computational Logic in Multi-Agent Systems},
pages = {62--81},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
abstract = {Emotional-BDI agents are BDI agents whose behaviour is guided not only by beliefs, desires and intentions, but also by the role of emotions in reasoning and decision-making. The $backslashmathcalE_backslashrm BDI$logic is a formal system for expressing the concepts of the Emotional-BDI model of agency. In this paper we present an improved version of the $backslashmathcalE_backslashrm BDI$logic and show how it can be used to model the role of three emotions in Emotional-BDI agents: fear, anxiety and self-confidence. We also focus in the computational properties of $backslashmathcalE_backslashrm BDI$which can lead to its use in automated proof systems.},
keywords = {agents, artificial intelligence, behavior, emotions, informatics, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@book{rao-2008-cdyn,
title = {An Introduction to Granular Flow},
author = {K. Kesava Rao and Prabhu R. Nott},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge},
series = {Cambridge Series in Chemical Engineering},
keywords = {granular flow},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@book{sadri-2008-cdyn,
title = {Computational Logic in Multi-Agent Systems: 8th International Workshop, CLIMA VIII, Porto, Portugal, September 10-11, 2007. Revised Selected and Invited Papers},
editor = {Fariba Sadri and Ken Satoh},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-88833-8},
isbn = {9783540888321},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence},
keywords = {agents, artificial intelligence, informatics, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@conference{spampinato-2008-cdyn,
title = {Detecting, tracking and counting fish in low quality unconstrained underwater videos},
author = {C. Spampinato and Y. -H. Chen-Burger and G. Nadarajan and R. B. Fisher},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
booktitle = {VISAPP 2008 - 3rd International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications, Proceedings},
volume = {514-519},
pages = {514--519},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{sud-2008-cdyn,
title = {Real-Time Path Planning in Dynamic Virtual Environments Using Multiagent Navigation Graphs},
author = {Avneesh Sud and Erik Andersen and Sean Curtis and Ming C. Lin and Dinesh Manocha},
doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2008.27},
issn = {1077-2626},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
volume = {14},
pages = {526--538},
abstract = {We present a novel approach for efficient path planning and navigation of multiple virtual agents in complex dynamic scenes. We introduce a new data structure, Multi-agent Navigation Graph (MaNG), which is constructed using first- and second-order Voronoi diagrams. The MaNG is used to perform route planning and proximity computations for each agent in real time. Moreover, we use the path information and proximity relationships for local dynamics computation of each agent by extending a social force model [Helbing05]. We compute the MaNG using graphics hardware and present culling techniques to accelerate the computation. We also address undersampling issues and present techniques to improve the accuracy of our algorithm. Our algorithm is used for real-time multi-agent planning in pursuit-evasion, terrain exploration and crowd simulation scenarios consisting of hundreds of moving agents, each with a distinct goal.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ward-2008-cdyn,
title = {Quorum decision-making facilitates information transfer in fish shoals},
author = {Ashley J. W. Ward and David J. T. Sumpter and Iain D. Couzin and Paul J. B. Hart and Jens Krause},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0710344105},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {105},
number = {19},
pages = {6948--6953},
abstract = {Numerical models indicate that collective animal behavior may emerge from simple local rules of interaction among the individuals. However, very little is known about the nature of such interaction, so that models and theories mostly rely on aprioristic assumptions. By reconstructing the three-dimensional positions of individual birds in airborne flocks of a few thousand members, we show that the interaction does not depend on the metric distance, as most current models and theories assume, but rather on the topological distance. In fact, we discovered that each bird interacts on average with a fixed number of neighbors (six to seven), rather than with all neighbors within a fixed metric distance. We argue that a topological interaction is indispensable to maintain a flock's cohesion against the large density changes caused by external perturbations, typically predation. We support this hypothesis by numerical simulations, showing that a topological interaction grants significantly higher cohesion of the aggregation compared with a standard metric one.},
keywords = {animal, ants, biology, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{yeh-2008-cdyn,
title = {Composite Agents},
author = {H. Yeh and S. Curtis and S. Patil and Berg J. and D. Manocha and M. Lin},
editor = {M. Gross and D. James},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
booktitle = {ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Computer Animation},
abstract = {We introduce the concept of composite agents to effectively model complex agent interactions for agent-based 
crowd simulation. Each composite agent consists of a basic agent that is associated with one or more proxy 
agents. This formulation allows an agent to exercise influence over other agents greater than that implied by its 
physical properties. Composite agents can be added to most agent-based simulation systems and used to model 
emergent behaviors among individuals. In practice, there is negligible overhead of introducing composite agents 
in the simulation. We highlight their application to modeling aggression, social priority, authority, protection and 
guidance in complex scenes.},
keywords = {behavior, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{ballerini-2008-cdyn,
title = {Interaction ruling animal collective behavior depends on topological rather than metric distance: Evidence from a field study},
author = {M. Ballerini and N. Cabibbo and R. Candelier and A. Cavagna and E. Cisbani and I. Giardina and V. Lecomte and A. Orlandi and G. Parisi and A. Procaccini and M. Viale and V. Zdravkovic},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0711437105},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {105},
number = {4},
pages = {1232--1237},
abstract = {Numerical models indicate that collective animal behavior may emerge from simple local rules of interaction among the individuals. However, very little is known about the nature of such interaction, so that models and theories mostly rely on aprioristic assumptions. By reconstructing the three-dimensional positions of individual birds in airborne flocks of a few thousand members, we show that the interaction does not depend on the metric distance, as most current models and theories assume, but rather on the topological distance. In fact, we discovered that each bird interacts on average with a fixed number of neighbors (six to seven), rather than with all neighbors within a fixed metric distance. We argue that a topological interaction is indispensable to maintain a flock's cohesion against the large density changes caused by external perturbations, typically predation. We support this hypothesis by numerical simulations, showing that a topological interaction grants significantly higher cohesion of the aggregation compared with a standard metric one.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{banerjee-2008-cdyn,
title = {Advancing the Layered Approach to Agent-Based Crowd Simulation},
author = {B. Banerjee and A. Abukmail and L. Kraemer},
doi = {10.1109/PADS.2008.13},
issn = {1087-4097},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
booktitle = {2008 22nd Workshop on Principles of Advanced and Distributed Simulation},
pages = {185--192},
keywords = {cellular automata, parallel computation, parallel simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{bellomo-2008-cdyn,
title = {ON THE MODELLING CROWD DYNAMICS FROM SCALING TO HYPERBOLIC MACROSCOPIC MODELS},
author = {Nicola Bellomo and Christian Dogbe},
doi = {10.1142/S0218202508003054},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences},
volume = {18},
number = {supp01},
pages = {131--1345},
abstract = {This paper, that deals with the modelling of crowd dynamics, is the first one of a project finalized to develop a mathematical theory refereing to the modelling of the complex systems constituted by several interacting individuals in bounded and unbounded domains. The first part of the paper is devoted to scaling and related representation problems, then the macroscopic scale is selected and a variety of models are proposed according to different approximations of the pedestrian strategies and interactions. The second part of the paper deals with a qualitative analysis of the models with the aim of analyzing their properties. Finally, a critical analysis is proposed in view of further development of the modelling approach. Additional reasonings are devoted to understanding the conceptual differences between crowd and swarm modelling.},
keywords = {crowd dynamics, macroscopic, modeling, partial differential equations, simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{dogbe-2008-cdyn,
title = {On the numerical solutions of second order macroscopic models of pedestrian flows},
author = {Christian Dogbé},
doi = {10.1016/j.camwa.2008.04.028},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Computers & Mathematics with Applications},
volume = {56},
number = {7},
pages = {1884--1898},
abstract = {The main target of this paper is focused on the numerical simulation of macroscopic models - two-dimensional hyperbolic conservation law - of pedestrian flows. Therefore, finite volume methods can be used to discretize the equations. Actually, the algorithms that have been used are particularly suited for solving hyperbolic problems. Moreover, simulations using first order accurate numerical solvers and first Godunov type schemes [S.K. Godunov, A finite difference method for the numerical computation of discontinuous solutions of the equations of fluid dynamics, Mathematik Sbornik 47 (1959) 271-290] have been developed. This article is motivated by recent research activity focused on the problem of modelling systems of the living matter.},
keywords = {crowd dynamics, differential equations, flow, macroscopic, modeling, pedestrian, simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{durupinar-2008-cdyn,
title = {Creating crowd variation with the OCEAN personality model},
author = {Funda Durupinar and Jan M. Allbeck and Nuria Pelechano and Norman Badler},
url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1402821.1402835},
isbn = {978-0-9817381-2-3},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems - Volume 3},
pages = {1217--1220},
publisher = {International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems},
address = {Richland and SC},
series = {AAMAS '08},
abstract = {Most current crowd simulators animate homogeneous crowds, but include underlying parameters that can be tuned to create variations within the crowd. These parameters, however, are specific to the crowd models and may be difficult for an animator or naive user to use. We propose mapping these parameters to personality traits. In this paper, we extend the HiDAC (High-Density Autonomous Crowds) system by providing each agent with a personality model in order to examine how the emergent behavior of the crowd is affected. We use the OCEAN personality model as a basis for agent psychology. To each personality trait we associate nominal behaviors; thus, specifying personality for an agent leads to an automation of the low-level parameter tuning process. We describe a plausible mapping from personality traits to existing behavior types and analyze the overall emergent crowd behaviors.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{fang-2008-cdyn,
title = {Survey of pedestrian movement and development of a crowd dynamics model},
author = {Z. Fang and J. P. Yuan and Y. C. Wang and S. M. Lo},
doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2007.12.005},
year  = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Fire Safety Journal},
volume = {43},
number = {6},
pages = {459--465},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@book{bordini-2007-cdyn,
title = {Programming Multi-Agent Systems in AgentSpeak using Jason},
author = {Rafael H. Bordini and Jomi Fred Hübner and Michael Wooldridge},
isbn = {978-0-470-06183-1},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
publisher = {John Wiley & Sons},
series = {Wiley Series in Agent Technology},
abstract = {Programming Multi-Agent Systems in AgentSpeak using Jason provides a brief introduction to multi-agent systems and the BDI agent architecture on which AgentSpeak is based. The authors explain Jason's AgentSpeak variant and provide a comprehensive, practical guide to using Jason to program multi-agent systems. Some of the examples include diagrams generated using an agent-oriented software engineering methodology particularly suited for implementation using BDI-based programming languages. The authors also give guidance on good programming style with AgentSpeak.},
keywords = {agents, artificial intelligence, behavior, informatics, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@article{evans-2007-cdyn,
title = {Crowding and personal space invasion on the train: Please don't make me sit in the middle},
author = {Gary W. Evans and Richard E. Wener},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.10.002},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},
volume = {27},
number = {1},
pages = {90--94},
abstract = {Mass transit users frequently experience crowding during their commutes. In this study of 139 urban passenger train commuters during rush hour, we found that the density of the train car was inconsequential for multiple indices (self-report, salivary cortisol, performance aftereffects) of stress whereas the immediate seating density proximate to the passenger significantly affected all three indices. When people had to sit close to other passengers, they experienced adverse reactions. These results are consistent with prior work indicating that individual spacing among persons that leads to personal space invasions is a more salient environmental condition than density per se. The findings also have implications for the design of mass transit vehicles.},
keywords = {crowding, personal space, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{holmer-2007-cdyn,
title = {Classification of metabolic and respiratory demands in fire fighting activity with extreme workloads},
author = {Ingvar Holmér and Désirée Gavhed},
doi = {10.1016/j.apergo.2006.01.004},
issn = {0003-6870},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Applied Ergonomics},
volume = {38},
number = {1},
pages = {45--52},
abstract = {Fire fighting work comprises work tasks requiring an energy yield at maximal or close to maximal levels of the individual. Due to the very nature of fire fighting more complex physiological variables are difficult to measure. We measured metabolic and respiratory responses in 15 male, professional fire fighters during simulated work tasks on a test ground. Work time was on the average 22 min with individual components of work tasks lasting 2 to 4 min. The mean oxygen consumption for the whole exercise (22 min) was 2.75 +- 0.29 l/min. The most demanding work task demanded an oxygen uptake of 3.55 +- 0.27 l/min. Corresponding values for respiratory minute volumes were 82 +- 14 and 102 +-14 l/min, respectively. Heart rates averaged 168 +- 12 for the whole test and 179 +-13 beats/min for the heaviest work task. Two new classes for classification of intensive and exhausting, short term physical work are proposed for inclusion in ISO8996 and values for relevant parameters are proposed.},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{hoogendoorn-2007b-cdyn,
title = {Microscopic Calibration and Validation of Pedestrian Models: Cross-Comparison of Models Using Experimental Data},
author = {Serge P. Hoogendoorn and Winnie Daamen},
editor = {Andreas Schadschneider and Thorsten Pöschel and Reinhart Kühne and Michael Schreckenberg and Dietrich E. Wolf},
isbn = {978-3-540-47641-2},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '05},
pages = {329--340},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
abstract = {This contribution proposes a new approach to estimate model parameters of microscopic pedestrian models using individual pedestrian trajectory data. To this end, a generic approach is proposed that enables parameter identification for microscopic models in general and in particular for walker models. The application results provide new insight into the behavior of individual pedestrians, inter-pedestrian differences, as well as the resulting pedestrian flow characteristics. By comparing different models of increasing complexity, it is investigated which of the model amendments are significant from a statistical point of view and which are not. It is shown that besides anisotropy, finite reaction times play an important role in correctly describing microscopic walking behavior. The implications of these findings in the microscopic description of pedestrians flows are considered by studying the predicted flow operations at a narrow bottleneck. It turns out that the finite reaction times have a significant effect on the pedestrian flow operations.},
keywords = {calibration},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{kirik-2007-cdyn,
title = {An intelligent floor field cellular automation model for pedestrian dynamics},
author = {Ekaterina Kirik and Tat'yana Yurgel'yan and Dmitriy Krouglov},
url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1357910.1358127},
isbn = {1-56555-316-0},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 Summer Computer Simulation Conference},
pages = {21:1--21:6},
address = {San Diego, California},
series = {SCSC '07},
abstract = {A stochastic cellular automation (CA) model for pedestrian 
dynamics is presented. Our goal is to simulate different types 
of pedestrian movement, from regular to panic. But here we 
emphasize regular situations which imply that pedestrians analyze 
environment and choose their route more carefully. And 
transition probabilities have to depict such effect. The potentials 
of floor fields [5] and environment analysis [4] are combined 
in the model obtained. Model parameters adaptivity 
and modelling of people patience are included in the model. 
These things make simulation of pedestrians movement more 
realistic. Some simulation results are presented and comparison 
with basic model (FF-model [5]) is made.},
keywords = {cellular automata, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{korhonen-2007-cdyn,
title = {Integration of an agent based evacuation simulation and state-of-the-art fire simulation},
author = {Timo Korhonen and Simo Hostikka and Simo Heliövaara and Harri Ehtamo and Katri Johanna Matikainen},
url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5ea1/8b163221a6e736a47a0df9e785efbcf6df64.pdf},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science & Technology, Hong Kong},
abstract = {The most important objective of a fire safety design is to ensure that humans can safely escape from a building in the case of fire. Fire regulations are adequate for normal buildings but may not take into account the special issues of large and complicated buildings, like shopping centres, assembly facilities, etc. Numerical simulation of fire and evacuation processes can be used to improve fire safety in such buildings. However, the usability of many current evacuation models is limited, because they do not take into account the individual properties and decision making processes of humans, the dynamics of large crowds and the interaction between fire and people. In this article, a recently presented evacuation programme is developed further. The code allows the modelling of 'panic' situations and the interaction between evacuation simulation and the state-of-the-art fire simulation. The major features of the human movement algorithm are described. A reaction function model for exit route selection and some social interactions among agents are introduced into the computer programme. This computational tool for evacuation modelling is implemented as a part of the state-of-the-art fire simulation tool Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Like the current version of FDS, the evacuation module, FDS+Evac, presented in this article is made publicly and freely available.},
keywords = {agents, evacuation, fire, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{kuo-2007-cdyn,
title = {The six determinants of gait and the inverted pendulum analogy: A dynamic walking perspective},
author = {Arthur D. Kuo},
doi = {10.1016/j.humov.2007.04.003},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Human Movement Science},
volume = {26},
number = {4},
pages = {617--656},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@incollection{meilinger-2007-cdyn,
title = {How Much Information Do You Need? Schematic Maps in Wayfinding and Self Localisation},
author = {Tobias Meilinger and Christioph Hölscher and Simon J. Büchner and Martin Brösamle},
editor = {Thomas Barkowsky and Markus Knauff and Gérard Ligozat and Daniel R. Montello},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-75666-8_22},
isbn = {978-3-540-75665-1},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
booktitle = {Spatial Cognition V Reasoning, Action, Interaction},
volume = {4387},
pages = {381--400},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
abstract = {The paper is concerned with the empirical investigation of different types of schematised maps. In two experiments a standard floor plan was compared to three strongly schematised maps providing only route knowledge. With the help of one of the maps, the participants had to localise themselves in two tasks and performed two wayfinding tasks in a multi-level building they didnt know before. We recorded map usage time and a range of task performance measures. Although the map provided much less information, participants performed better in wayfinding with an unambiguous schematic map than with a floor plan. In the self localisation tasks, participants performed equally well with the detailed floor plan and with the schematised map versions. Like the users of a schematic map, users of a floor map presumably oriented on the network structure rather than on local geometric features. This allows them to limit the otherwise potentially very large search space in map-based self localisation. In both types of tasks participants looked at the schematised maps for a shorter time. Providing less than standard information like in a highly schematised map can lead to better performance. We conclude that providing unambiguous turning information (route knowledge) rather than survey knowledge is most crucial for wayfinding in unknown environments.},
keywords = {ants, cognition, route choice, survey knowledge, wayfinding},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
@article{paris-2007-cdyn,
title = {Pedestrian Reactive Navigation for Crowd Simulation: a Predictive Approach},
author = {Sebastien Paris and Julien Pettré and Stéphane Donikian},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8659.2007.01090.x},
issn = {0167-7055},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Computer Graphics Forum},
volume = {26},
number = {3},
pages = {665--674},
abstract = {This paper addresses the problem of virtual pedestrian autonomous navigation for crowd simulation. It describes a method for solving interactions between pedestrians and avoiding inter-collisions. Our approach is agent-based and predictive: each agent perceives surrounding agents and extrapolates their trajectory in order to react to potential collisions. We aim at obtaining realistic results, thus the proposed model is calibrated from experimental motion capture data. Our method is shown to be valid and solves major drawbacks compared to previous approaches such as oscillations due to a lack of anticipation. We first describe the mathematical representation used in our model, we then detail its implementation, and finally, its calibration and validation from real data.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{paul-2007-cdyn,
title = {A Complexity O(1) priority queue for event driven molecular dynamics simulations},
author = {Gerald Paul},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2006.06.042},
issn = {0021-9991},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Computational Physics},
volume = {221},
number = {2},
pages = {615--625},
keywords = {data structure, event driven update, molecular dynamics, parallel computation, parallel simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{rupprecht-2007-cdyn,
title = {Bottleneck Capacity Estimation for Pedestrian Traffic},
author = {Tobias Rupprecht and Armin Seyfried and Wolfram Klingsch and Maik Boltes},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Interflam 2007},
abstract = {Escape way capacity calculation is an important item to realize safe buildings. In general, evacuation times are predicted by engineering methods with wide varieties in use and results. For example, Nelson defines capacity as a continuous and linear function to the escape way width. Hoogedoorn, however, describes a stepwise discontinuous increasing capacity. 
To analyse the problem, a bottleneck experiment with students as test persons was arranged. The bottleneck width was varied in steps of 0.1 m starting with 0.8 m and ending with 1.2 m. The number of test persons was varied between 20, 40 and 60. Commerical DV-cameras recorded the procedure; the interpretation of films was accomplished manually, using a computer display. 
The data shows a continuous change of time gaps, speed, density and finally personnel flow in the bottleneck. Furthermore transient phenomenon could be observed. Additionally, screening the video recordings a zipper effect is visible; this means, the persons optimize the density by themselves (see also 4). 
In summary the experiment's most important result is the awareness of continuous rise in density, a step by step effect can not be observed- although this is a very popular consideration which can be found even in the German building regulations.},
keywords = {bottleneck, empirical},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{smith-2007-cdyn,
title = {Linked Local Navigation for Visual Route Guidance},
author = {Lincoln Smith and Andrew Philippides and Paul Graham and Bart Baddeley and Philip Husbands},
doi = {10.1177/1059712307082091},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Adaptive Behavior},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {257--271},
abstract = {Insects are able to navigate reliably between food and nest using only visual information. This behavior has inspired many models of visual landmark guidance, some of which have been tested on autonomous robots. The majority of these models work by comparing the agent's current view with a view of the world stored when the agent was at the goal. The region from which agents can successfully reach home is therefore limited to the goal's visual locale, that is, the area around the goal where the visual scene is not radically different to the goal position. Ants are known to navigate over large distances using visually guided routes consisting of a series of visual memories. Taking inspiration from such route navigation, we propose a framework for linking together local navigation methods. We implement this framework on a robotic platform and test it in a series of environments in which local navigation methods fail. Finally, we show that the framework is robust to environments of varying complexity.},
keywords = {ants, biology, vision},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{sykut-2007-cdyn,
title = {Discrete Element Method (DEM) as a tool for investigating properties of granular materials},
author = {Joanna Sykut and Marek Molenda and Józef Horabik},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Polish journal of food and nutrition sciences},
volume = {57},
number = {2(A)},
pages = {169--173},
abstract = {With an increase in the scale of industrial operations the necessity of understanding the behaviour of granular materials and examining their properties 
becomes increasingly important. It is associated with rapid development of industries such as: food, chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic etc., in 
which materials in granular form are processed. One way of description of macroscopic behaviour of granular systems is a model including interactions 
between individual particles and between particle and elements of construction. Current needs of both technology and science call for the new research 
methods that provide more accurate results and enable closer examination of processes. Development of computational techniques resulted in the 
elaboration of Discrete Element Method (DEM). 
This article is focused on DEM as proposed by Cundall & Strack [1979] which enables interpretation of processes occurring in granular bedding 
considering phenomena on interparticle scale. The limitations and capabilities of DEM as well as results of modelling experimental investigations are 
addressed.},
keywords = {granular materials},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{varas-2007-cdyn,
title = {Cellular automaton model for evacuation process with obstacles},
author = {A. Varas and M. D. Cornejo and D. Mainemer and B. Toledo and J. Rogan and V. Mutildenoz and J. A. Valdivia},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2007.04.006},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {382},
number = {2},
pages = {631--642},
abstract = {A bidimensional cellular automaton model is used to simulate the process of evacuation of pedestrians in a room with fixed obstacles. A floor field is defined so that moving to a cell with lower floor field means approaching an exit door. The model becomes non-deterministic by introducing a "panic" parameter, given by a probability of not moving, and by a random choice to resolve conflicts in the update of pedestrian positions. Two types of exit doors are considered: single (where only one person can pass) and double (two persons can pass simultaneously). For a double door, the longest evacuation time turns out to occur for a very traditional location of the door. The optimum door position is determined. Replacing the double door by two single doors does not improve evacuation times noticeably. On the other hand, for a room without obstacles, a simple scaling law is proposed to model the dependence of evacuation time with the number of persons and exit width. This model fails when obstacles are present, as their presence introduces local bottlenecks whose effect outweighs the benefits of increasing door width beyond a certain threshold.},
keywords = {cellular automata, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@book{vuchic-2007-cdyn,
title = {Urban Transit Systems and Technology},
author = {Vukan R. Vuchic},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
publisher = {John Wiley & Sons},
address = {Hoboken, NJ},
keywords = {traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@article{yamamoto-2007-cdyn,
title = {Simulation for pedestrian dynamics by real-coded cellular automata (RCA)},
author = {Kazuhiro Yamamoto and Satoshi Kokubo and Katsuhiro Nishinari},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2007.02.040},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {379},
number = {2},
pages = {654--660},
abstract = {In this paper, we propose a new approach for pedestrian dynamics. We call it a real-coded cellular automata (RCA). The scheme is based on the real-coded lattice gas (RLG), which has been developed for fluid simulation. Similar to RLG, the position and velocity can be freely given, independent of grid points. Our strategy including the procedure for updating the position of each pedestrian is explained. It is shown that the movement of pedestrians in an oblique direction to the grid is successfully simulated by RCA, which was not taken into account in the previous CA models. Moreover, from simulations of evacuation from a room with an exit of various widths, we obtain the critical number of people beyond which the clogging appears at the exit.},
keywords = {cellular automata, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zanlungo-2007-cdyn,
title = {A Collision-avoiding Mechanism Based On A Theory Of Mind},
author = {Francesco Zanlungo},
year  = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Advances in Complex Systems},
volume = {10},
number = {supp02},
pages = {363--371},
abstract = {We develop a collision-avoiding mechanism for a system of individual agents (pedestrians) that move in a crowd trying to reach their different goal points. The agents avoid collisions on the basis of a model of the other agents' behavior, a "theory of mind," which is realized at different levels through an iterative process (the first level, or level 0, corresponds to ignoring the other agents' behavior, level 1 to assuming that the other agents will ignore each other, and so on). 
 
The model is conceived in order to perform an evolutionary simulation of some basic parameters that determine the agent's sensorial, cognitive and behavioral system (the perception of the agent's own size, the attraction to the goal, the radius and angle of the field of view and the level of the theory of mind). 
 
In this preliminary work we present our model, show that it reproduces some of the simplest organized behaviors of a system of pedestrians, and focus on some features of the theory of mind, as the difference between odd and even levels.},
keywords = {artificial intelligence, cognition, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{nishinari-2006-cdyn,
title = {Modelling of self-driven particles: Foraging ants and pedestrian},
author = {Katsuhiro Nishinari and Ken Sugawara and Toshiya Kazama and Andreas Schadschneider and Debashish Chowdhury},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2006.05.016},
issn = {0378-4371},
year  = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {372},
number = {1},
pages = {132--141},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{reynolds-2006-cdyn,
title = {Big Fast Crowds on PS3},
author = {Craig Reynolds},
doi = {10.1145/1183316.1183333},
isbn = {1-59593-386-7},
year  = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Videogames},
pages = {113--121},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Boston, Massachusetts},
series = {Sandbox '06},
keywords = {agents, animal, fish, parallel computation, parallel simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{sumpter-2006-cdyn,
title = {The principles of collective animal behaviour},
author = {D. J. T. Sumpter},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2005.1733},
year  = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
volume = {361},
number = {1465},
pages = {5--22},
abstract = {In recent years, the concept of self-organization has been used to understand collective behaviour of animals. The central tenet of self-organization is that simple repeated interactions between individuals can produce complex adaptive patterns at the level of the group. Inspiration comes from patterns seen in physical systems, such as spiralling chemical waves, which arise without complexity at the level of the individual units of which the system is composed. The suggestion is that biological structures such as termite mounds, ant trail networks and even human crowds can be explained in terms of repeated interactions between the animals and their environment, without invoking individual complexity. Here, I review cases in which the self-organization approach has been successful in explaining collective behaviour of animal groups and societies. Ant pheromone trail networks, aggregation of cockroaches, the applause of opera audiences and the migration of fish schools have all been accurately described in terms of individuals following simple sets of rules. Unlike the simple units composing physical systems, however, animals are themselves complex entities, and other examples of collective behaviour, such as honey bee foraging with its myriad of dance signals and behavioural cues, cannot be fully understood in terms of simple individuals alone. I argue that the key to understanding collective behaviour lies in identifying the principles of the behavioural algorithms followed by individual animals and of how information flows between the animals. These principles, such as positive feedback, response thresholds and individual integrity, are repeatedly observed in very different animal societies. The future of collective behaviour research lies in classifying these principles, establishing the properties they produce at a group level and asking why they have evolved in so many different and distinct natural systems. Ultimately, this research could inform not only our understanding of animal societies, but also the principles by which we organize our own society.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{teknomo-2006-cdyn,
title = {Application of microscopic pedestrian simulation model},
author = {Kardi Teknomo},
doi = {10.1016/j.trf.2005.08.006},
year  = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {15--27},
abstract = {One of the objectives of the pedestrian studies is to evaluate the effects of a proposed policy on the pedestrian facilities before its implementation. The problem is how to evaluate the impact of the policy regarding the behavior of pedestrians before its implementation. The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight regarding the possible application of the microscopic pedestrian model. The microscopic pedestrian model was developed and the microscopic pedestrian data validated it. Although the model is very simple, it shows the lane formation, self-organization phenomena as seen in the real world. Three microscopic simulation scenarios were developed. The first scenario compares one-way and two-way pedestrian traffic to gain more understanding about their characteristics. The second scenario is to know the behavior of the system if the number of elderly pedestrian increases. The third scenario proposes a policy of lane-like segregation towards pedestrian crossing and inspects the performance of the crossing.},
keywords = {agents, microscopic, pedestrian, simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{treuille-2006-cdyn,
title = {Continuum Crowds},
author = {Adrien Treuille and Seth Cooper and Zoran Popović},
doi = {10.1145/1141911.1142008},
year  = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH 2006)},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
pages = {1160--1168},
keywords = {crowd, eikonal equation, fast marching method},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{yan-2006-cdyn,
title = {The Waiting Game: The Role of Predicted Value, Wait Disconfirmation, and Providers' Actions in Consumers' Service Evaluations},
author = {Ruoh-Nan Yan and Sherry Lotz},
url = {http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes//v33/v33_10146.pdf},
year  = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Advances in Consumer Research},
volume = {33},
number = {1},
pages = {412--418},
abstract = {Management of consumer waiting experiences is critical for practitioners in that unpleasant waiting experiences may result in negative service evaluations. This paper develops a conceptual framework in which predicted value of service, wait expectation (conceptualized as "consumer zone of wait tolerance" derived from the service literatures), wait disconfirmation (consumers' comparisons between wait expectations and perceptions), and affective response to waiting are proposed to directly or indirectly affect service experience evaluation. In addition, this paper proposes that actions of the service provider moderate the relationship between affective response to waiting and service experience evaluation. Conclusions and contributions are discussed.},
keywords = {pedestrian, psychology, queues, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{demyen-2006-cdyn,
title = {Efficient Triangulation-based Pathfinding},
author = {Douglas Demyen and Michael Buro},
url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1597538.1597687},
year  = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21st National Conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume 1},
pages = {942--947},
publisher = {AAAI Press},
address = {Boston, Massachusetts},
series = {AAAI'06},
keywords = {path planning, triangulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{hoelscher-2006-cdyn,
title = {Up the down staircase: Wayfinding strategies in multi-level buildings},
author = {Christoph Hölscher and Tobias Meilinger and Georg Vrachliotis and Martin Bro"samle and Markus Knauff},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.09.002.},
year  = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},
volume = {26},
number = {4},
pages = {284--299},
abstract = {The intention of this article is to create a link between human spatial cognition research and architectural design. We conducted an empirical study with human subjects in a complex multi-level building and compared thinking aloud protocols and performance measures of experienced and inexperienced participants in different wayfinding tasks. Three specific strategies for navigation in multi-level buildings were compared. The central point strategy relies on well-known parts of the building; the direction strategy relies on routes that first head towards the horizontal position of the goal, while the floor strategy relies on routes that first head towards the vertical position of the goal. We show that the floor strategy was preferred by experienced participants over the other strategies and was overall tied to better wayfinding performance. Route knowledge showed a greater impact on wayfinding performance compared to survey knowledge. A cognitive-architectural analysis of the building revealed seven possible c auses for navigation problems. Especially the previous termstaircasenext term design was identified as a major wayfinding obstacle. Finally we address the benefits of cognitive approaches for the architectural design process and describe some open issues for further research.},
keywords = {ants, architecture, cognition, survey knowledge, wayfinding},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kretz-2006c-cdyn,
title = {Experimental study of pedestrian counterflow in a corridor},
author = {Tobias Kretz and Anna Grünebohm and Maike Kaufman and Florian Mazur and Michael Schreckenberg},
doi = {10.1088/1742-5468/2006/10/P10001},
year  = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
volume = {2006},
number = {10},
pages = {P10001},
abstract = {In this work the results of a pedestrian counterflow experiment in a corridor of width 2 m are presented. 67 participants were divided into two groups with varying relative and absolute size and walked in opposite directions through a corridor. The video footage taken from the experiment was evaluated for passing times, walking speeds, fluxes and lane formation, including symmetry breaking. The results include comparatively large fluxes and speeds as well as a maximal asymmetry between left- and right-hand traffic. The sum of flow and counterflow in any case turns out to be larger than the flow in all situations without counterflow.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{luding-2006-cdyn,
title = {About contact force-laws for cohesive frictional materials in 2D and 3D},
author = {Stefan Luding},
url = {https://www2.msm.ctw.utwente.nl/sluding/PAPERS/Luding_ING1.pdf},
year  = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings Issue: Behavior of Granular Media},
abstract = {Ultrafine, cohesive powders are the subject of the joint rese 
arch project. While shear experiments and contact force measurements were performed by the p 
roject partners, the realistic contact 
force models were developed in a common effort. The algorithms for their implementation are presented here, involving elastic-plastic repulsion, dissip 
ation, adhesion, friction as well as rolling- and 
torsion-resistance. 
In model powder systems, the effect of the contact properties 
on an isotropic, homogeneous compaction test is discussed with respect to the packing densit 
ies. With contact forces involving sliding, 
rolling and torsion frictions, packing volume fractions down to 0.42 were achieved. Some longer ranged van der Waals adhesion forces added to the contact for 
ces can lead to volume fractions considerably smaller, 
and to fractal-like agglomerates.},
keywords = {discrete element, granular materials, molecular dynamics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{johnson-2005-cdyn,
title = {Lessons from the evacuation of the World Trade Center, Sept 11th 2001 for the future development of computer simulations},
author = {C. W. Johnson},
url = {http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/3456/},
year  = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Cognition, Technology and Work},
volume = {7},
number = {4},
pages = {214--240},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {This paper provides an overview of the state of the art in evacuation simulations. These interactive computer based tools have been developed to help the owners and designers of large public buildings to assess the risks that occupants might face during emergency egress. The development of the Glasgow Evacuation Simulator is used to illustrate the existing generation of tools. This system uses Monte Carlo techniques to control individual and group movements during an evacuation. The end-user can interactively open and block emergency exits at any point. It is also possible to alter the priorities that individuals associate with particular exit routes. A final benefit is that the tool can derive evacuation simulations directly from existing architects models; this reduces the cost of simulations and creates a more prominent role for these tools in the iterative development of large-scale public buildings. Empirical studies have been used to validate the GES system as a tool to support evacuation training. The development of these tools has been informed by numerous human factors studies and by recent accident investigations. For example, the 2003 fire in the Station nightclub in Rhode Island illustrated the way in which most building occupants retrace their steps to an entrance even when there are alternate fire exits. The second half of this paper uses this introduction to criticise the existing state of the art in evacuation simulations. These criticisms are based on a detailed study of the recent findings from the 9/11 Commission (2004). Ten different lessons are identified. Some relate to the need to better understand the role of building management and security systems in controlling egress from public buildings. Others relate to the human factors involved in coordinating distributed groups of emergency personnel who may be physically exhausted by the demands of an evacuation. Arguably the most important findings centre on the need to model the ingress and egress of emergency personnel from these structures. The previous focus of nearly all-existing simulation tools has been on the evacuation of building occupants rather than on the safety of first responders1.},
keywords = {ants, empirical, evacuation, fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{leach-2005-cdyn,
title = {Cognitive Paralysis in an Emergency: The Role of the Supervisory Attentional System},
author = {John Leach},
url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asma/asem/2005/00000076/00000002/art00010},
year  = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine},
volume = {76},
number = {2},
pages = {13--136},
abstract = {Many witnesses attest that victims of a disaster often perish because they freeze in the face of danger. It has been proposed that this cognitive paralysis occurs due to temporal and cognitive constraints on survival response times while leaving open the question of which cognitive component is implicated in this behavior. This paper proposes, firstly, that the temporal constraints which occur during an emergency inhibit the functioning of the supervisory attentional system (SAS), which leads to the victim showing: 1) an appropriate response, if trained; 2) stereotypical or otherwise irrational behavior, if untrained; or 3) cognitive paralysis. Secondly, that the main role of the SAS is to operate as a temporal buffer, enabling a survival response to be prepared prior to facing a life-threatening event and not as a real-time immediate responder. It is argued that the initial cognitive paralysis differs at the cognitive and neurological levels from the more prolonged hypoactive behavior commonly seen in victims rescued from disasters and which is considered to be a form of disassociative reaction.},
keywords = {cognition, evacuation, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{mawson-2005-cdyn,
title = {Understanding Mass Panic and Other Collective Responses to Threat and Disaster},
author = {Anthony R. Mawson},
doi = {10.1521/psyc.2005.68.2.95},
year  = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Psychiatry},
volume = {68},
number = {2},
pages = {95--113},
keywords = {affiliation, evacuation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{schweingruber-2005-cdyn,
title = {The Madding Crowd Goes to School: Myths about Crowds in Introductory Sociology Textbooks},
author = {David Schweingruber and Ronald T. Wohlstein},
doi = {10.1177/0092055X0503300202},
year  = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Teaching Sociology},
volume = {33},
number = {2},
pages = {136-153},
abstract = {The authors examined the crowd sections of 20 introduction to sociology textbooks, coding them for the presence of seven crowds myths-claims about crowds that have no empirical support and have been rejected by scholars in the field. The number of myths per book ranges from five to one. The authors conclude by making suggestions for rewriting these chapters and for improving the book reviewing process.},
keywords = {crowd, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{sean-2005-cdyn,
title = {MASON: A Multiagent Simulation Environment},
author = {Sean Luke and Claudio Cioffi-Revilla and Liviu Panait and Keith Sullivan and Gabriel Balan},
doi = {10.1177/0037549705058073},
year  = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Simulation},
volume = {81},
number = {7},
pages = {517--527},
publisher = {Society for Computer Simulation International},
address = {San Diego, CA, USA},
keywords = {agents, event driven update, software},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{strogatz-2005-cdyn,
title = {Theoretical mechanics: Crowd synchrony on the Millennium Bridge},
author = {Steven H. Strogatz and Daniel M. Abrams and Allan McRobie and Bruno Eckhardt and Edward Ott},
doi = {10.1038/438043a},
year  = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {438},
pages = {43--44},
keywords = {stepping behavior},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@book{vuchic-2005-cdyn,
title = {Urban Transit: Operations, Planning and Economics},
author = {Vukan R. Vuchic},
year  = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
publisher = {John Wiley & Sons},
address = {Hoboken, NJ},
keywords = {traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@article{yang-2005-cdyn,
title = {Simulation of the kin behavior in building occupant evacuation based on Cellular Automaton},
author = {L. Z. Yang and D. L. Zhao and J. Li and T. Y. Fang},
doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.08.005},
year  = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {40},
number = {3},
pages = {411--415},
abstract = {Individual behavior of occupants, which is quite complex, greatly affects the route choice, the evacuation time and the efficiency. The phenomenon of the kin behavior often occurs during evacuation. In this paper, a two-dimensional Cellular Automata model is applied to simulate the process of evacuation with respect to the kin behavior. Many interesting phenomena during real evacuation, such as incoherence, jamming, gathering, backtracking and waiting, are simulated by the variation of the building structure, the occupants' arrangement, the kin attraction and the route selection. We conclude that the psychology of going with the crowd is not always harmful; the conclusions about the kin behavior in one-exit case are the same as those in two-exits case; the number of the sub-groups and the members in each sub-group influence the evacuation efficiency a lot; the typical phenomena of waiting and backtracking in real evacuation do reduce the evacuation efficiency. We have preliminarily found that the proper kin behavior is beneficial to improve the evacuation efficiency.},
keywords = {ants, modeling, pedestrian, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{bell-2005-cdyn,
title = {Particle-based Simulation of Granular Materials},
author = {Nathan Bell and Yizhou Yu and Peter J. Mucha},
doi = {10.1145/1073368.1073379},
year  = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation},
pages = {77--86},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {SCA '05},
keywords = {differential equations, granular flow, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{bohannon-2005-cdyn,
title = {Directing the Herd: Crowds and The Science of Evacuation},
author = {John Bohannon},
doi = {10.1126/science.310.5746.219},
year  = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Science},
volume = {310},
number = {5746},
pages = {219--221},
abstract = {No skyscrapers are designed to be able to disgorge all their occupants in a dire emergency like the attack on the World Trade Center towers. Can they be made safer?},
keywords = {ants, evacuation, safety},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{courty-2005-cdyn,
title = {Simulation of large crowds in emergency situations including gaseous phenomena},
author = {N. Courty and S. R. Musse},
doi = {10.1109/CGI.2005.1500417},
issn = {1530-1052},
year  = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
booktitle = {International 2005 Computer Graphics},
pages = {206--212},
abstract = {Crowd animation and simulation have been widely studied over the last decade for many purposes: populating collaborative virtual environments, entertainment and special effects industry and finally simulating behaviors and motion of people in emergency situations for safety systems. This last topic is addressed in this paper. We propose an original enhancement of a well known physics-based animation model which allows to consider influence of gaseous phenomena such as smoke or toxic gases in the behavior of the crowd. In order to get real time performances we also propose an implementation of this framework on modern graphics hardware, which allows to simulate crowds of thousands individuals at interactive framerate.},
keywords = {decision, gpu, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{couzin-2005-cdyn,
title = {Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move},
author = {Iain D. Couzin and Jens Krause and Nigel R. Franks and Simon A. Levin},
doi = {10.1038/nature03236},
year  = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {433},
pages = {513--516},
abstract = {For animals that forage or travel in groups, making movement decisions often depends on social interactions among group members. However, in many cases, few individuals have pertinent information, such as knowledge about the location of a food source or of a migration route. Using a simple model we show how information can be transferred within groups both without signalling and when group members do not know which individuals, if any, have information. We reveal that the larger the group the smaller the proportion of informed individuals needed to guide the group, and that only a very small proportion of informed individuals is required to achieve great accuracy. We also demonstrate how groups can make consensus decisions, even though informed individuals do not know whether they are in a majority or minority, how the quality of their information compares with that of others, or even whether there are any other informed individuals. Our model provides new insights into the mechanisms of effective leadership and decision-making in biological systems.},
keywords = {biology, decision, group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{dussutour-2005-cdyn,
title = {Amplification of individual preferences in a social context: The case of wall-following in ants},
author = {A. Dussutour and J. -L. Deneubourg and V. Fourcassié},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2004.2990},
year  = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
volume = {272},
number = {1564},
pages = {705--714},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{dussutour-2004-cdyn,
title = {Optimal traffic organization in ants under crowded conditions},
author = {Audrey Dussutour and Vincent Fourcassi and Dirk Helbing and Jean-Louis Deneubourg},
doi = {10.1038/nature02345},
year  = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {428},
pages = {70--73},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kirchner-2004-cdyn,
title = {Discretization effects and the influence of walking speed in cellular automata models for pedestrian dynamics},
author = {Ansgar Kirchner and Hubert Klüpfel and Katsuhiro Nishinari and Andreas Schadschneider and Michael Schreckenberg},
doi = {10.1088/1742-5468/2004/10/P10011},
year  = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
volume = {2004},
number = {10},
pages = {P10011},
abstract = {We study discretization effects in cellular automata models for pedestrian dynamics by reducing the cell size. Then a particle occupies more than one cell which leads to subtle effects in the dynamics, e.g. non-local conflict situations. Results from computer simulations of the floor field model are compared with empirical findings. Furthermore, the influence of increasing the maximal walking speed v max is investigated by increasing the interaction range beyond nearest neighbour interactions. The extension of the model to v max >1 turns out to be a severe challenge which can be solved in different ways. Four major variants are discussed that take into account different dynamical aspects. The variation of v max has a strong influence on the shape of the flow--density relation. We show that walking speeds v max >1 lead to results which are in very good agreement with empirical data.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{kollingbaum-2004-cdyn,
title = {Norm Adoption and Consistency in the NoA Agent Architecture},
author = {Martin J. Kollingbaum and Timothy J. Norman},
editor = {Mehdi M. Dastani and Jürgen Dix and Amal El Fallah-Seghrouchni},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-25936-7_9},
isbn = {978-3-540-25936-7},
year  = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
booktitle = {Programming Multiagent Systems: Languages, Frameworks, Techniques and Tools},
pages = {169--186},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
abstract = {The behaviour of a norm-driven agent is governed by obligations, permissions and prohibitions. Agents joining a society or accepting a contract for the purpose of executing specific collaborative tasks usually have to adopt norms representing certain rules and regulations. Adoption of norms can cause problems -- an agent maybe already hold norms that would be in conflict or inconsistent with new norms it adopts. How can it be shown that the set of norms is consistent to allow the agent to act according to the ideals that the norms specify? In general, the answer to such a question in a real-world situation is not simple. This paper addresses the problem of finding a pragmatic solution to the problem of norm consistency checking for practical reasoning agents in the context of the NoA Normative Agent Architecture.},
keywords = {agents, artificial intelligence, behavior, informatics, modeling, norms},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{robinson-2004b-cdyn,
title = {Model validation using equivalence tests},
author = {Andrew P. Robinson and Robert E. Froese},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.01.013},
issn = {0304-3800},
year  = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Ecological Modelling},
volume = {176},
number = {3--4},
pages = {349--358},
abstract = {Model validation that is based on statistical inference seeks to construct a statistical comparison of model predictions against measurements of the target process. Previously, such validation has commonly used the hypothesis of no difference as the null hypothesis, that is, the null hypothesis is that the model is acceptable. This is unsatisfactory, because using this approach tests are more likely to validate a model if they have low power. Here we suggest the usage of tests of equivalence, which use the hypothesis of dissimilarity as the null hypothesis, that is, the null hypothesis is that the model is unacceptable. Thus, they flip the burden of proof back onto the model. We demonstrate the application of equivalence testing to model validation using an empirical forest growth model and an extensive database of field measurements. Finally we provide some simple power analyses to guide future model validation exercises.},
keywords = {statistics, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{toledo-2004-cdyn,
title = {Statistical Validation of Traffic Simulation Models},
author = {Tomer Toledo and Haris N. Koutsopoulos},
doi = {10.3141/1876-15},
year  = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = {1876},
number = {1},
pages = {142--150},
abstract = {Traffic simulation models support detailed analysis of the dynamics of traffic phenomena and are important tools for analysis of transportation systems. In order to evaluate correctly the impact of different traffic management schemes, simulation models must be able to replicate reality adequately. Model validation (i.e., the process of checking to what extent the model replicates reality) is discussed. The role of validation is defined within the scope of model development and calibration, and the framework for performing the validation is discussed. A hierarchy of statistical methods to validate different types of simulation outputs against observed data is examined. Also, a validation method is proposed on the basis of statistical tests on metamodels fitted to the observed and simulated data. A case study illustrates the applicability of the various methods.},
keywords = {traffic, uncertainty quantification, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zarboutis-2004-cdyn,
title = {Searching efficient plans for emergency rescue through simulation: the case of a metro fire},
author = {Nikos Zarboutis and Nicolas Marmaras},
doi = {10.1007/s10111-004-0150-6},
year  = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Cognition, Technology & Work},
volume = {6},
number = {2},
pages = {117--126},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{quinn-2003-cdyn,
title = {Parallel Implementation of the Social Forces Model},
author = {Michael J. Quinn and Ronald A. Metoyer and Katharina Hunter-Zaworski},
year  = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
booktitle = {The Second International Conference in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics},
abstract = {We demonstrate how the use of a multicomputer can greatly accelerate the speed of a pedestrian movement simulator based on the social forces model. Our objective is to develop a simulator that updates the position of every pedestrian in real time; that is, 30 times a second. We have achieved this goal through the use of multiple processors. We describe the design of our parallel pedestrian movement model and present benchmark results demonstrating that 11 processors can update the positions of 10,000 pedestrians in about 1/50th of a second. The parallel algorithm is highly scalable, meaning that adding processors will enable the simulation of even larger crowds.},
keywords = {domain decomposition, load balancing, parallel computation, parallel simulation, pedestrian, social forces},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{saloma-2003-cdyn,
title = {Self-organized queuing and scale-free behavior in real escape panic},
author = {Caesar Saloma and Gay Jane Perez and Giovanni Tapang and May Lim and Cynthia Palmes-Saloma},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2031912100},
year  = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {100},
number = {21},
pages = {11947--11952},
abstract = {Numerical investigations of escape panic of confined pedestrians have revealed interesting dynamical features such as pedestrian arch formation around an exit, disruptive interference, self-organized queuing, and scale-free behavior. However, these predictions have remained unverified because escape panic experiments with real systems are difficult to perform. For mice escaping out of a water pool, we found that for a critical sampling rate the escape behavior exhibits the predicted features even at short observation times. The mice escaped via an exit in bursts of different sizes that obey exponential and (truncated) power-law distributions depending on exit width. Oversampling or undersampling the mouse escape rate prevents the observation of the predicted features. Real systems are normally subject to unavoidable constraints arising from occupancy rate, pedestrian exhaustion, and nonrigidity of pedestrian bodies. The effect of these constraints on the dynamics of real escape panic is also studied.},
keywords = {evacuation, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{wang-2003-cdyn,
title = {Recent developments in human motion analysis},
author = {Liang Wang and Weiming Hu and Tieniu Tan},
doi = {10.1016/S0031-3203(02)00100-0},
year  = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Pattern Recognition},
volume = {36},
number = {3},
pages = {585--601},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Visual analysis of human motion is currently one of the most active research topics in computer vision. This strong interest is driven by a wide spectrum of promising applications in many areas such as virtual reality, smart surveillance, perceptual interface, etc. Human motion analysis concerns the detection, tracking and recognition of people, and more generally, the understanding of human behaviors, from image sequences involving humans. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of research on computer-vision-based human motion analysis. The emphasis is on three major issues involved in a general human motion analysis system, namely human detection, tracking and activity understanding. Various methods for each issue are discussed in order to examine the state of the art. Finally, some research challenges and future directions are discussed.},
keywords = {gait, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{bailenson-2003-cdyn,
title = {Interpersonal Distance in Immersive Virtual Environments},
author = {Jeremy N. Bailenson and Jim Blascovich and Andrew C. Beall and Jack M. Loomis},
doi = {10.1177/0146167203029007002},
year  = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
volume = {9},
issue = {7},
pages = {819--833},
abstract = {Digital immersive virtual environment technology (IVET) 
enables behavioral scientists to conduct ecologically realistic 
experiments with near-perfect experimental control. The authors 
employed IVET to study the interpersonal distance maintained 
between participants and virtual humans. In Study 1, participants 
traversed a three-dimensional virtual room in which a virtual 
human stood. In Study 2, a virtual human approached 
participants. In both studies, participant gender, virtual 
human gender, virtual human gaze behavior, and whether virtual 
humans were allegedly controlled by humans (i.e., avatars) 
or computers (i.e., agents) were varied. Results indicated that 
participants maintained greater distance from virtual humans 
when approaching their fronts compared to their backs. In addition, 
participants gave more personal space to virtual agents 
who engaged them in mutual gaze. Moreover, when virtual 
humans invaded their personal space, participants moved farthest 
from virtual human agents. The advantages and disadvantages 
of IVET for the study of human behavior are discussed.},
keywords = {ants, behavior, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{couzin-2003-cdyn,
title = {Self-organized lane formation and optimized traffic flow in army ants},
author = {I. D. Couzin and N. R. Franks},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2002.2210},
year  = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
volume = {270},
number = {1511},
pages = {139--146},
abstract = {We show how the movement rules of individual ants on trails can lead to a collective choice of direction and the formation of distinct traffic lanes that minimize congestion. We develop and evaluate the results of a new model with a quantitative study of the behaviour of the army ant Eciton burchelli. Colonies of this species have up to 200 000 foragers and transport more than 3000 prey items per hour over raiding columns that exceed 100 m. It is an ideal species in which to test the predictions of our model because it forms pheromone trails that are densely populated with very swift ants. The model explores the influences of turning rates and local perception on traffic flow. The behaviour of real army ants is such that they occupy the specific region of parameter space in which lanes form and traffic flow is maximized.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@incollection{couzin-2003b-cdyn,
title = {Self-Organization and Collective Behavior in Vertebrates},
author = {Iain D. Couzin and Jens Krause},
doi = {10.1016/S0065-3454(03)01001-5},
year  = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
volume = {32},
pages = {1--75},
publisher = {Academic Press},
series = {Advances in the Study of Behavior},
abstract = {Publisher Summary The chapter discusses an emerging area of study: that of applying self-organization theory to mobile vertebrate groups composed of many interacting individuals such as bird flocks, ungulate herds, fish schools, and human crowds in an attempt to improve our understanding of underlying organizational principles. Mathematical modeling is becoming increasingly recognized as an important research tool when studying collective behavior. The chapter presents the interaction dynamics among individuals result in the formation, internal structuring, and collective behaviors of vertebrate groups. The chapter explores the distribution of grouping individuals over larger spatial and temporal scales, and discusses how individual behaviors lead to population-level dynamics. Behavioral differences among individuals within a group may have an important internal structuring influence. By using simulation models, it can be shown how individuals can modify their positions relative to other group members without necessitating information about their current position within the group. In considering self-organization within vertebrate groups it is evident that the organization at one level, for example, that of the group relates to that at higher levels. For example, self-sorting processes that lead to internal structuring within groups also result in population-level patterns when such groups fragment, thus affecting the probability that an individual will be in a group of a given size and composition at any moment in time. These population properties then feed back to the individual interactions by changing the probability of encounters among different members of a population. The chapter concludes that to understand collective behaviors fully, these properties cannot necessarily be considered in isolation.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
@article{drury-2003-cdyn,
title = {Transforming the boundaries of collective identity: from the 'local' anti-road campaign to 'global' resistance?},
author = {John Drury and Steve Reicher and Clifford Stott},
doi = {10.1080/1474283032000139779},
year  = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Social Movement Studies},
volume = {2},
number = {2},
pages = {191--212},
abstract = {This paper is concerned with how people involved in local protest might come to see themselves as part of wider social groupings and even global forces of resistance. An ethnographic study of the No M11 Link Road Campaign in London examines participants' definitions of their collective identity boundaries at different stages of involvement. Cross-sectional material from the beginning and later in the campaign shows that there was a transformation in collective identity boundaries towards a more inclusive definition of community. Analysis of participants' accounts before and after involvement in the eviction of a tree suggests the role of conflict with the police in producing an oppositional definition of the collective identity, facilitating links to other groups in resistance to illegitimate authority. Finally, biographical material indicates the implications of transformed identity boundaries for co-action with wider social groups. It is argued that the same intra- and inter-group processes that determine how identity boundaries extend to include a broader community might account for how people come to see themselves as part of a global social movement.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{taylor-2003-cdyn,
title = {The CONTRAM dynamic traffic assignment model},
author = {Nicholas B. Taylor},
year  = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Networks and Spatial Economics},
volume = {3},
pages = {297--322},
keywords = {disaster},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{hazelton-2003-cdyn,
title = {Some comments on origin-destination matrix estimation},
author = {Martin L. Hazelton},
doi = {10.1016/S0965-8564(03)00044-2},
issn = {0965-8564},
year  = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice},
volume = {37},
number = {10},
pages = {811--822},
abstract = {Estimation of origin-destination (O-D) matrices from link count data is considered. This problem is challenging because the number of parameters to be estimated is typically larger than the number of network links. As a result, it is (usually) impossible to identify a unique optimal estimate of the O-D matrix from mean link traffic counts. However, information from the covariance matrix of link count data collected over a sequence of days can relieve this problem of indeterminacy. This fact is illustrated through a simple example. The use of second-order statistical properties of the data in O-D matrix estimation is then explored, and a class of estimators proposed. Practical problems of model mis-specification are discussed and some avenues for future research outlined.},
keywords = {origin-destination matrix},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{huijberts-2002-cdyn,
title = {Analysis of a continuous car-following model for a bus route: existence, stability and bifurcations of synchronous motions},
author = {H. J. C. Huijberts},
doi = {10.1016/s0378-4371(02)00622-2},
issn = {0378-4371},
year  = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {308},
number = {1-4},
pages = {489--517},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
keywords = {bifurcation, stop-and-go, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{couzin-2002-cdyn,
title = {Collective Memory and Spatial Sorting in Animal Groups},
author = {Iain D. Couzin and Jens Krause and Richard James and Graeme D. Ruxton and Nigel R. Franks},
doi = {10.1006/jtbi.2002.3065},
year  = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
volume = {218},
number = {1},
pages = {1--11},
abstract = {We present a self-organizing model of group formation in three-dimensional space, and use it to investigate the spatial dynamics of animal groups such as fish schools and bird flocks. We reveal the existence of major group-level behavioural transitions related to minor changes in individual-level interactions. Further, we present the first evidence for collective memory in such animal groups (where the previous history of group structure influences the collective behaviour exhibited as individual interactions change) during the transition of a group from one type of collective behaviour to another. The model is then used to show how differences among individuals influence group structure, and how individuals employing simple, local rules of thumb, can accurately change their spatial position within a group (e.g. to move to the centre, the front, or the periphery) in the absence of information on their current position within the group as a whole. These results are considered in the context of the evolution and ecological importance of animal groups.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{rafaeli-2002-cdyn,
title = {The Effects of Queue Structure on Attitudes},
author = {Anat Rafaeli and Greg Barron and Keren Haber},
doi = {10.1177/109467002237492},
year  = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Service Research},
volume = {5},
number = {2},
pages = {125--139},
abstract = {Waiting is examined here as a psychological experience, through propositions regarding the relationship between the design of a queue and the emotions and attitudes of people waiting. Propositions are tested using a paradigm that both controls features of queue structure and allows collection of real-time data from people waiting. Data collected from 134 participants confirm that people closer to a service agent are more pleased than those further away. But people waiting in a single-queue structure are shown to feel more predictability and arousal than those waiting in a multiple-queue structure. Waiting in a multiple-queue structure is, however, shown to produce a sense of lack of justice, even when no objective inequalities exist. The study suggests a useful paradigm for evaluating alternative queue structures in a laboratory setting and provides insights about psychological aspects of waiting. Both the method and the results suggest an extensive agenda for future research.},
keywords = {ants, pedestrian, psychology, queues, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{riener-2002-cdyn,
title = {Stair ascent and descent at different inclinations},
author = {Robert Riener and Marco Rabuffetti and Carlo Frigo},
doi = {10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00162-X},
issn = {0966-6362},
year  = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Gait & Posture},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {32--44},
keywords = {stepping behavior},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{turner-2002-cdyn,
title = {Encoding Natural Movement as an Agent-Based System: An Investigation into Human Pedestrian Behaviour in the Built Environment},
author = {Alasdair Turner and Alan Penn},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/b12850},
year  = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science},
volume = {29},
number = {4},
pages = {473--490},
abstract = {Gibson's ecological theory of perception has received considerable attention within psychology literature, as well as in computer vision and robotics. However, few have applied Gibson's approach to agent-based models of human movement, because the ecological theory requires that individuals have a vision-based mental model of the world, and for large numbers of agents this becomes extremely expensive computationally. Thus, within current pedestrian models, path evaluation is based on calibration from observed data or on sophisticated but deterministic route-choice mechanisms; there is little open-ended behavioural modelling of human-movement patterns. One solution which allows individuals rapid concurrent access to the visual information within an environment is an 'exosomatic visual architecture', where the connections between mutually visible locations within a configuration are prestored in a lookup table. Here we demonstrate that, with the aid of an exosomatic visual architecture, it is possible to develop behavioural models in which movement rules originating from Gibson's principle of affordance are utilised. We apply large numbers of agents programmed with these rules to a built-environment example and show that, by varying parameters such as destination selection, field of view, and steps taken between decision points, it is possible to generate aggregate movement levels very similar to those found in an actual building context.},
keywords = {cognition, decision, heuristics, pedestrian, psychology, vision},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{nagel-2001-cdyn,
title = {Parallel implementation of the TRANSIMS micro-simulation},
author = {Kai Nagel and Marcus Rickert},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8191(01)00106-5},
year  = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Parallel Computing},
volume = {27},
number = {12},
pages = {1611--1639},
note = {Applications of parallel computing in transportation},
keywords = {parallel computation, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{purser-2001-cdyn,
title = {Quantification of behaviour for engineering design standards and escape time calculations},
author = {D. A. Purser and M. Bensilum},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00066-7},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {38},
number = {2},
pages = {157--182},
abstract = {Occupant behaviour in fires depends upon interactions between the occupants, the building and the developing fire. Although reasonable calculation models exist for the estimation of movement time (the time required for occupants to flow out of the building), time required for behaviours taking place before the movement phase, collectively known as pre-movement time, are poorly described and quantified. A series of monitored evacuation studies and investigations of fire incidents in a range of different building types is described. Strategies for the application of behavioural data to design standards and escape time calculation methods are discussed.},
keywords = {ants, fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{to-2001-cdyn,
title = {Jamming of Granular Flow in a Two-Dimensional Hopper},
author = {Kiwing To and Pik-Yin Lai and H. K. Pak},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.71},
year  = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
volume = {86},
issue = {1},
pages = {71--74},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
keywords = {granular flow},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{wahle-2001-cdyn,
title = {A cellular automaton traffic flow model for online simulation of traffic},
author = {J. Wahle and L. Neubert and J. Esser and M. Schreckenberg},
doi = {10.1016/S0167-8191(00)00085-5},
issn = {0167-8191},
year  = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Parallel Computing},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
pages = {719--735},
abstract = {Spatially and temporally dissolved information about traffic states in road networks is a basic requirement for the application of intelligent transport systems (ITS). We present a concept for online simulations of traffic in road networks: real-time traffic data stemming from inductive loops serve as input for high-speed microsimulations using a cellular automaton traffic flow model. The quality of the reproduced traffic states is investigated with regard to vehicular densities and link travel times. As an example for dynamic traffic management we studied different strategies for individual en-route guidance systems and their efficiencies. For all investigations the road network of Duisburg served as the study area.},
keywords = {modeling, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{arikan-2001-cdyn,
title = {Efficient Multi-Agent Path Planning},
author = {Okan Arikan and Stephen Chenney and D. A. Forsyth},
editor = {Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann and Daniel Thalmann},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-7091-6240-8_14},
year  = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
booktitle = {Computer Animation and Simulation 2001},
pages = {151--162},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Vienna},
series = {Eurographics},
keywords = {path planning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{becker-2001-cdyn,
title = {An optimal control approach to a posteriori error estimation in finite element methods},
author = {Roland Becker and Rolf Rannacher},
doi = {10.1017/S0962492901000010},
issn = {1474-0508},
year  = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Acta Numerica 2001},
volume = {10},
pages = {1--102},
abstract = {This article surveys a general approach to error control and adaptive mesh design in Galerkin finite element methods that is based on duality principles as used in optimal control. Most of the existing work on a posteriori error analysis deals with error estimation in global norms like the energy norm or the L2 norm, involving usually unknown stability constants. However, in most applications, the error in a global norm does not provide useful bounds for the errors in the quantities of real physical interest. Further, their sensitivity to local error sources is not properly represented by global stability constants. These deficiencies are overcome by employing duality techniques, as is common in a priori error analysis of finite element methods, and replacing the global stability constants by computationally obtained local sensitivity factors. Combining this with Galerkin orthogonality, a posteriori estimates can be derived directly for the error in the target quantity. In these estimates local residuals of the computed solution are multiplied by weights which measure the dependence of the error on the local residuals. Those, in turn, can be controlled by locally refining or coarsening the computational mesh. The weights are obtained by approximately solving a linear adjoint problem. The resulting a posteriori error estimates provide the basis of a feedback process for successively constructing economical meshes and corresponding error bounds tailored to the particular goal of the computation. This approach, called the dual-weighted-residual method, is introduced initially within an abstract functional analytic setting, and is then developed in detail for several model situations featuring the characteristic properties of elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic problems. After having discussed the basic properties of duality-based adaptivity, we demonstrate the potential of this approach by presenting a selection of results obtained for practical test cases. These include problems from viscous fluid flow, chemically reactive flow, elasto-plasticity, radiative transfer, and optimal control. Throughout the paper, open theoretical and practical problems are stated together with references to the relevant literature.},
keywords = {ants, meshing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{broersen-2001-cdyn,
title = {The BOID Architecture: Conflicts between Beliefs, Obligations, Intentions and Desires},
author = {Jan Broersen and Mehdi Dastani and Joris Hulstijn and Zisheng Huang and Leendert Torre},
doi = {10.1145/375735.375766},
isbn = {158113326X},
year  = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Autonomous Agents},
pages = {9--16},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {Montreal, Quebec, Canada},
series = {AGENTS '01},
abstract = {In this paper we introduce the so-called Beliefs-Obligations-Intentions-Desires or BOID architecture. It contains feedback loops to consider all effects of actions before committing to them, and mechanisms to resolve conflicts between the outputs of its four components. Agent types such as realistic or social agents correspond to specific types of conflict resolution embedded in the BOID archecture.},
keywords = {agents, artificial intelligence, behavior, informatics, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{burstedde-2001-cdyn,
title = {Simulation of pedestrian dynamics using a two-dimensional cellular automaton},
author = {Carsten Burstedde and Kai Klauck and Andreas Schadschneider and Johannes Zittartz},
doi = {10.1016/S0378-4371(01)00141-8},
year  = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {295},
pages = {507--525},
abstract = {We propose a two-dimensional cellular automaton model to simulate pedestrian traffic. It is a vmax=1 model with exclusion statistics and parallel dynamics. Long-range interactions between the pedestrians are mediated by a so-called floor field which modifies the transition rates to neighbouring cells. This field, which can be discrete or continuous, is subject to diffusion and decay. Furthermore it can be modified by the motion of the pedestrians. Therefore, the model uses an idea similar to chemotaxis, but with pedestrians following a virtual rather than a chemical trace. Our main goal is to show that the introduction of such a floor field is sufficient to model collective effects and self-organization encountered in pedestrian dynamics, e.g. lane formation in counterflow through a large corridor. As an application we also present simulations of the evacuation of a large room with reduced visibility, e.g. due to failure of lights or smoke.},
keywords = {cellular automata, model, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@phdthesis{mueller-2001-cdyn,
title = {FAST ALGORITHMS FOR THE SIMULATION OF GRANULAR PARTICLES},
author = {Matthias S. Müller},
url = {http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2002/988/pdf/diss.pdf},
year  = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
school = {Universität Stuttgart},
keywords = {granular flow},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@article{zacharias-2001-cdyn,
title = {Pedestrian Behavior Pedestrian Behavior and Perception in Urban Walking Environments},
author = {John Zacharias},
doi = {10.1177/08854120122093249},
year  = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Planning Literature},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {3--18},
abstract = {Planning pedestrian environments requires assumptions about how pedestrians will respond to characteristics of the environment as they formulate and enact their walking itineraries. As a consequence, most research interest in public environments focuses on behavior in relation to those characteristics. For example, there is a substantial body of descriptive and typological studies of pedestrian environments. Metric, geometric, and topological models have proved useful in characterizing density and direction of movement. The need to understand the mechanism of choice has prompted microscale and laboratory-based research on exploratory spatial behavior within walking districts. Studies of behavior in relation to comfort, the way in which images of places impinge on choices, and how dynamic and serial experience of the city affects individual itineraries have all developed as specialized fields of understanding. In general, studies of pedestrian environment dynamics have both diversified and multiplied as its systems and methodologies are adapted for planning other environments.},
keywords = {perception},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@mastersthesis{byatt-2000-cdyn,
title = {Convergent variants of the Nelder-Mead Algorithm},
author = {David Byatt},
year  = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
school = {University of Canterbury},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
@article{chowdhury-2000-cdyn,
title = {Statistical physics of vehicular traffic and some related systems},
author = {Debashish Chowdhury and Ludger Santen and Andreas Schadschneider},
year  = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Physics Reports},
volume = {329},
pages = {199--329},
abstract = {In the so-called `microscopica models of vehicular traffic, attention is paid explicitly to each individual vehicle each of which is represented by a `particlea; the nature of the interactions among these particles is determined by the way the vehicles influence each others' movement. Therefore, vehicular traffic, modeled as a system of interacting particles driven far from equilibrium, offers the possibility to study various fundamental aspects of truly nonequilibrium systems which are of current interest in statistical physics. Analytical as well as numerical techniques of statistical physics are being used to study these models to understand rich variety of physical phenomena exhibited by vehicular traffic. Some of these phenomena, observed in vehicular traffic under different circumstances, include transitions from one dynamical phase to another, criticality and self-organized criticality, metastability and hysteresis, phase-segregation, etc. In this critical review, written from the perspective of statistical physics, we explain the guiding principles behind all the main theoretical approaches. But we present detailed discussions on the results obtained mainly from the so-called particle-hopping models, particularly emphasizing those which have been formulated in recent years using the language of cellular automata.},
keywords = {physics, statistics, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{safonov-2000-cdyn,
title = {Periodic solutions of a non-linear traffic model},
author = {L. A. Safonov and E. Tomer and V. V. Strygin and S. Havlin},
doi = {10.1016/s0378-4371(00)00278-8},
issn = {0378-4371},
year  = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {285},
number = {1-2},
pages = {147--155},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
keywords = {stop-and-go, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{treiber-2000b-cdyn,
title = {Microscopic Simulation of Congested Traffic},
author = {Martin Treiber and Ansgar Hennecke and Dirk Helbing},
year  = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
booktitle = {Traffic and Granular Flow '99},
pages = {365--376},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin},
keywords = {calibration, modeling, stop-and-go, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@inproceedings{urban-2000-cdyn,
title = {PECS: A Reference Model for the Simulation of Multi-Agent Systems},
author = {Christoph Urban},
editor = {Ramzi Suleiman and Klaus G. Troitzsch and Nigel Gilbert},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-51744-0_6},
isbn = {978-3-642-51744-0},
year  = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
booktitle = {Tools and Techniques for Social Science Simulation},
pages = {83--114},
publisher = {Physica-Verlag},
address = {Heidelberg},
abstract = {There is currently a multitude of design approaches all concerned with building simulation models for multi-agent systems. The majority of the designs, however, focus on the requirements of specific application domains. We suggest that it would be desirable to develop a modelling methodology which can act as a generic platform from which to construct simulation models for multi-agent systems. In order to promote standardisation of modelling methodology, this paper presents a first-cut reference model whose feasibility will subsequently be demonstrated by a number of applications.},
keywords = {agents, behavior, emotions, informatics, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@misc{pottinger-1999b-cdyn,
title = {Implementing Coordinated Movement},
author = {Dave Pottinger},
url = {http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/131721},
year  = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
abstract = {Part of the fun of working in the game industry is the constant demand for technical innovations that will allow designers to create better games. In the real-time strategy (RTS) genre, most developers are focusing on improving group movement for their next round of games. I'm not talking about the relatively low-tech methods cur- rently in use. Instead, I'm referring to coordinated group movement, where units cooperate with each other to move around the map with intelligence and cohesion. Any RTS game developer that wants to be competitive needs to look beyond simple unit movement; only the games that weigh in with solid coordinated movement systems will go the distance. In this article, the second and final part of my coordinated unit movement series, we'll take a look at how to use the systems that we considered in the first article to satisfy our coordinated group movement goal. We'll also examine how we can use our coordinated movement fundamentals to solve some classic, complex movement problems. While we will spend most of our time talking about these features through the RTS microscope, they can easily be applied to other types of games.},
howpublished = {Online: Gamasutra, urlwww.gamasutra.com/view/feature/131721},
note = {Accessed 02. February 2016},
keywords = {ants, artificial intelligence, gaming},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{sugiyama-1999-cdyn,
title = {Optimal velocity model for traffic flow},
author = {Yuki Sugiyama},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-4655(99)00366-5},
year  = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Computer Physics Communications},
volume = {121--122},
pages = {399--401},
keywords = {traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@book{vuchic-1999-cdyn,
title = {Transportation for Livable Cities},
author = {Vukan R. Vuchic},
year  = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
publisher = {Rutgers Center for Urban Policy Research},
keywords = {traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@conference{reynolds-1999,
title = {Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters},
author = {Craig W Reynolds},
url = {http://www.red3d.com/cwr/papers/1999/gdc99steer.html},
year  = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
booktitle = {Game Developers Conference},
pages = {763--782},
publisher = {Miller Freeman Game Group, San Francisco, CA},
address = {San Jose, CA},
keywords = {gaming},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@inproceedings{conte-1999-cdyn,
title = {Autonomous Norm Acceptance},
author = {Rosaria Conte and Cristiano Castelfranchi and Frank Dignum},
editor = {Jörg P. Müller and Anand S. Rao and Munindar P. Singh},
doi = {10.1007/3-540-49057-4_7},
isbn = {978-3-540-49057-9},
year  = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
booktitle = {Intelligent Agents V: Agents Theories, Architectures, and Languages},
pages = {99--112},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
abstract = {It is generally acknowledged that norms and normative action emphasize autonomy on the side of decision. But what about the autonomous formation of normative goals? This paper is intended to contribute to a theory of how agents form normative beliefs and goals, and to formulate general but non exhaustive principles of norm based autonomous agent-hood - namely goal generation and decision making-upon which to construct software agents.},
keywords = {agents, artificial intelligence, behavior, informatics, modeling, norms},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{cross-1999-cdyn,
title = {Standing, walking, running, and jumping on a force plate},
author = {Rod Cross},
doi = {10.1119/1.19253},
year  = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Physics},
volume = {67},
number = {4},
pages = {304},
publisher = {American Association of Physics Teachers},
abstract = {Details are given of an inexpensive force plate designed to measure ground reaction forces involvedin human movement. Such measurements provide interesting demonstrations of relations betweendisplacement, velocity, and acceleration, and illustrate aspects of mechanics that are not normallyencountered in a conventional mechanics course, or that are more commonly associated withinanimate objects. When walking, the center of mass follows a curved path. The centripetal force iseasily measured and it provides an upper limit to the speed at which a person can walk. Whenrunning, the legs behave like simple springs and the center of mass follows a path that is the sameas that of a perfectly elastic bouncing ball.},
keywords = {gait, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{graat-1999-cdyn,
title = {Complex evacuation; effects of motivation level and slope of stairs on emergency egress time in a sports stadium},
author = {Ethel Graat and Cees Midden and Paul Bockholts},
doi = {10.1016/S0925-7535(98)00061-7},
issn = {0925-7535},
year  = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {31},
number = {2},
pages = {127--141},
abstract = {This paper is concerned with the concept of building evacuation and the factors that affect the emergency egress time. It argues that the total evacuation time can be divided into three components: the time to recognize a dangerous situation, the time to decide for evacuation and the time for the movement towards safety. The last component, the egress time, is studied closely in this paper. When the capacity of a walkway is known, this component can be calculated. The capacity however is affected by a number of factors. Through two field studies the effects of the motivation of people to move and the slope of stairs on capacity have been tested. It appears that initially motivation has an accelerating effect, but as the number of people per square meter grows their speed decreases. Also the steeper the slope of stairs, the slower people will move on them. Furthermore the value for capacity used in design and egress time calculations is looked upon. Various researchers have come up with different values. Some recommend the use of the maximum value, which gives the minimum egress time, while others recommend the use of a mean value for capacity, which gives a mean value for egress time. This paper discusses the advantages of the use of a mean value over the use of a maximum value, and thus of the use of an average over a minimum egress time.},
keywords = {empirical, stairs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{mitarai-1999-cdyn,
title = {Stability Analysis of Optimal Velocity Model for Traffic and Granular Flow under Open Boundary Condition},
author = {Namiko Mitarai and Hiizu Nakanishi},
doi = {10.1143/JPSJ.68.2475},
year  = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Physical Society of Japan},
volume = {68},
number = {8},
pages = {2475-2478},
publisher = {The Physical Society of Japan},
keywords = {modeling, optimal velocity model, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{muramatsu-1999-cdyn,
title = {Jamming transition in pedestrian counter flow},
author = {Masakuni Muramatsu and Tunemasa Irie and Takashi Nagatani},
doi = {10.1016/S0378-4371(99)00018-7},
issn = {0378-4371},
year  = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
volume = {267},
number = {3},
pages = {487--498},
abstract = {A lattice gas model with biased random walkers is presented to mimic the pedestrian counter flow in a channel under the open boundary condition of constant density. There are two types of walkers without the back step: the one is the random walker going to the right and the other is the random walker going to the left. It is found that a dynamical jamming transition from the freely moving state at low density to the stopped state at high density occurs at the critical density. The transition point is given by pc=0.45??0.01, not depending on the system size. The transition point depends on the strength of drift and decreases with increasing drift. Also, we present the extended model to take into account the traffic rule in which a pedestrian walks preferably on the right-hand side of the channel.},
keywords = {bidirectional, experiment, lane formation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{postmes-1998-cdyn,
title = {Deindividuation and antinormative behavior: A meta-analysis},
author = {Tom Postmes and Russell Spears},
doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.238},
year  = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
volume = {123},
issue = {3},
pages = {238--259},
abstract = {A meta-analytic integration reviews evidence for deindividuation theory as an explanation of collective and antinormative behavior. Deindividuation theories propose a subjective deindividuated state that causes transgression of general social norms. Deindividuation research classically manipulates anonymity, self-awareness, and group size. Results of 60 independent studies showed little support for (a) the occurrence of deindividuated (antinormative) behaviors or (b) the existence of a deindividuated state. Research results were explained more adequately by situation-specific than by general social norms. Analyses indicated that groups and individuals conform more to situation-specific norms when they are "deindividuated." These findings are inconsistent with deindividuation theory but support a social identity model of deindividuation effects.},
keywords = {behavior, crowd, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@techreport{theamericaninstituteofaeronauticsandastronautics-1998-cdyn,
title = {AIAA Guide for the Verification and Validation of Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations},
author = {The American Institute Aeronautics and Astronautics},
url = {https://www.aiaa.org/StandardsDetail.aspx?id=3853},
year  = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
institution = {The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)},
abstract = {This guide provides a means for assessing the credibility of modeling and simulation in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The two main principles necessary for assessing credibility are verification and validation. This document defines the key terms, discusses fundamental concepts, and specifies general procedures for conducting verification and validation of CFD simulations. This terminology and methodology may also be useful in other engineering and science disciplines.},
keywords = {calibration, uncertainty quantification, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
@article{wong-1998-cdyn,
title = {Estimation of time-dependent origin-destination matrices for transit networks},
author = {Szechun C. Wong and Chungon O. Tong},
doi = {10.1016/S0191-2615(97)00011-8},
year  = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {Transportation Research Part B: Methodological},
volume = {32},
number = {1},
pages = {35--48},
abstract = {In this paper, the estimation of time-dependent origin?destination (O-D) matrices for transit network based on observed passenger counts is given. The dynamic assignment framework is based on a schedule-based transit network model, which can help determine the time-dependent least cost paths between all O-D pairs, and for each of them the clock arrival times at the end nodes of all observed links (if any) in the transit network. An entropy-based approach is then employed to estimate the time-dependent O-D matrices based on the observed passenger counts at those observed links in the network. An efficient sparse algorithm is also proposed to solve the resulting mathematical programming problem. The estimation methodology is tested in a transit network from the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system in Hong Kong which is one of the busiest railway systems in the world. Both cases with and without prior information of the O-D matrices are considered for this network. The predicted matrices are then compared with the true matrices obtained from a sophisticated electronic fare collection system of MTR. Good agreement between predicted and observed matrices are found.},
keywords = {origin-destination matrix},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{bellomonte-1998-cdyn,
title = {Thermodynamic properties of a few-particle system: a computer-based investigation},
author = {Leonardo Bellomonte and Rosa Maria Sperandeo-Mineo},
doi = {10.1088/0143-0807/19/3/003},
year  = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {European Journal of Physics},
volume = {19},
number = {3},
pages = {221--230},
abstract = {The thermodynamic properties of a system consisting of a small number of non-interacting indistinguishable particles in the temperature range where the transition from quantum to classical behaviour occurs are discussed. The system is an extrapolation of a perfect monatomic boson gas contained in a box. We calculate the internal energy, specific heat and entropy and discuss their dependence on various factors such as the temperature, the number of particles and the box dimensionality. The results are compared with those obtained for a system consisting of distinguishable particles. The calculations are carried out without approximation starting from first principles, and the results have general validity since reduced units are used.},
keywords = {few particle systems, numerics, physics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{brown-1998-cdyn,
title = {Protesting the Invasion of Cambodia: A Case Study of Crowd Behavior and Demonstration Leadership},
author = {Clyde Brown and Erik L. Lewis},
doi = {10.2307/3235259},
year  = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {Polity},
volume = {30},
number = {4},
pages = {645--665},
abstract = {Protest and protest behavior deserve more attention from political scientists. Using four theories of crowd behavior developed in sociology-transformation, predisposition, emergent norms, and purposive behavior-we investigate the antiwar protests of May 6, 1970 at Iowa State University, one of the more than 1300 campus protests responding to the invasion of Cambodia and the shooting of students at Kent State University. These events are instructive because of their variety and complexity, their transition from symbolic to intervention forms of protest, and the interactions among protest leaders and between leaders and the assembled crowds. We find purposive behavior theory as well as several taxonomic concepts recently developed in sociology particularly helpful in understanding crowd and protest leadership behavior.},
keywords = {behavior, crowd, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{avnaim-1997-cdyn,
title = {Evaluating signs of determinants using single-precision arithmetic},
author = {F. Avnaim and J. -D. Boissonnat and O. Devillers and F. P. Preparata and M. Yvinec},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02522822},
issn = {1432-0541},
year  = {1997},
date = {1997-01-01},
journal = {Algorithmica},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {111--132},
keywords = {ants, computational geometry, delaunay triangulation, meshing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{chronopoulos-1997-cdyn,
title = {Parallel solution of a traffic flow simulation problem},
author = {Anthony Theodore Chronopoulos and Gang Wang},
doi = {10.1016/S0167-8191(97)00070-7},
issn = {0167-8191},
year  = {1997},
date = {1997-01-01},
journal = {Parallel Computing},
volume = {22},
number = {14},
pages = {1965--1983},
abstract = {Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods for solving traffic flow continuum models have been studied and efficiently implemented in traffic simulation codes in the past. This is the first time that such methods are studied from the point of view of parallel computing. We studied and implemented an implicit numerical method for solving the high-order flow conservation traffic model on parallel computers. Implicit methods allow much larger time-step than explicit methods, for the same accuracy. However, at each time-step a nonlinear system must be solved. We used the Newton method coupled with a linear iterative method (Orthomin). We accelerated the convergence of Orthomin with parallel incomplete LU factorization preconditionings. We ran simulation tests with real traffic data from an 12-mile freeway section (in Minnesota) on the nCUBE2 parallel computer. These tests gave the same accuracy as past tests, which were performed on one-processor computers, and the overall execution time was significantly reduced.},
keywords = {cellular automata, modeling, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{helbing-1997b-cdyn,
title = {Modelling the evolution of human trail systems},
author = {Dirk Helbing and Joachim Keltsch and Péter Molnár},
doi = {10.1038/40353},
year  = {1997},
date = {1997-01-01},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {388},
pages = {47--50},
abstract = {Many human social phenomena, such as cooperation, the growth of settlements, traffic dynamics and pedestrian movement, appear to be accessible to mathematical descriptions that invoke self-organization. Here we develop a model of pedestrian motion to explore the evolution of trails in urban green spaces such as parks. Our aim is to address such questions as what the topological structures of these trail systems are, and whether optimal path systems can be predicted for urban planning. We use an 'active walker' model that takes into account pedestrian motion and orientation and the concomitant feedbacks with the surrounding environment. Such models have previously been applied to the study of complex structure formation in physical, chemical and biological systems. We find that our model is able to reproduce many of the observed large-scale spatial features of trail systems.},
keywords = {pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{owen-1997-cdyn,
title = {Advanced occupant behavioural features of the building-EXODUS evacuation model},
author = {Matthew Owen and Ed R. Galea and P. J. Lawrence},
doi = {10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.5-795},
year  = {1997},
date = {1997-01-01},
booktitle = {Fire Safety Science: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium},
volume = {5},
pages = {795--806},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{shewchuk-1996-cdyn,
title = {Triangle: Engineering a 2D quality mesh generator and Delaunay triangulator},
author = {Jonathan Richard Shewchuk},
editor = {Ming C. Lin and Dinesh Manocha},
isbn = {978-3-540-70680-9},
year  = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
booktitle = {Applied Computational Geometry Towards Geometric Engineering},
pages = {203--222},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
abstract = {Triangle is a robust implementation of two-dimensional constrained Delaunay triangulation and Ruppert's Delaunay refinement algorithm for quality mesh generation. Several implementation issues are discussed, including the choice of triangulation algorithms and data structures, the effect of several variants of the Delaunay refinement algorithm on mesh quality, and the use of adaptive exact arithmetic to ensure robustness with minimal sacrifice of speed. The problem of triangulating a planar straight line graph (PSLG) without introducing new small angles is shown to be impossible for some PSLGs, contradicting the claim that a variant of the Delaunay refinement algorithm solves this problem.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{sun-1996-cdyn,
title = {Learning in reactive sequential decision tasks: the CLARION model},
author = {Ron Sun and Todd Peterson},
doi = {10.1109/ICNN.1996.549047},
year  = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of International Conference on Neural Networks (ICNN'96)},
volume = {2},
pages = {1073--1078},
abstract = {In order to develop versatile agents that learn in situated contexts and generalize resulting knowledge to different environments, we explore the possibility of learning both procedural and declarative knowledge in a hybrid connectionist architecture. The architecture, CLARION, is based on the two-level idea proposed earlier by the authors. The architecture integrates reactive routines, rules, learning, and decision-making in a unified framework, and structures different learning components synergistically.},
keywords = {agents, artificial intelligence, computer science, modeling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@techreport{frantzich-1996-cdyn,
title = {Study of movement on stairs during evacuation using video analysing techniques},
author = {Hakan Frantzich},
year  = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
number = {LUTVDG/TVBB--3079--SE},
institution = {Department of Fire Safety Engineering, Lund, Institute of Technology, Lund University},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
@article{hui-1996-cdyn,
title = {What to Tell Consumers in Waits of Different Lengths: An Integrative Model of Service Evaluation},
author = {Michael K. Hui and David K. Tse},
doi = {10.2307/1251932},
year  = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Marketing},
volume = {60},
number = {2},
pages = {81--90},
abstract = {The authors conduct an experimental study to examine the impact of two types of waiting information-waiting-duration information and queuing information-on consumers' reactions to waits of different lengths. The authors test a model that includes three different constructs-perceived waiting duration, acceptability of the wait, and affective response to the wait-as mediators between waiting information and service evaluation. Results show that though acceptability of the wait and affective response to the wait have a significant mediating effect on the relationship between waiting information and service evaluation, perceived waiting duration does not. Moreover, neither type of information has significant impact in the short-wait condition, whereas waiting-duration information has greater impact than queuing information in the intermediate-wait condition and a smaller impact in the long-wait condition. The authors conclude with a discussion of research and managerial implications.},
keywords = {pedestrian, psychology, queues, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{fukagawa-1995-cdyn,
title = {Strength Is a Major Factor in Balance, Gait, and the Occurrence of Falls},
author = {Naomi K. Fukagawa and Leslie Wolfson and James Judge and Robert Whipple and Mary King},
doi = {10.1093/gerona/50A.Special_Issue.64},
year  = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences},
volume = {50A},
number = {Special Issue},
pages = {64--67},
keywords = {biomechanics, stepping behavior},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{jackson-1995-cdyn,
title = {An in-depth investigation of 40 stairway accidents and the stair safety literature},
author = {Patricia L. Jackson and H. Harvey Cohen},
doi = {10.1016/0022-4375(95)00014-H},
issn = {0022-4375},
year  = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Safety Research},
volume = {26},
number = {3},
pages = {151--159},
keywords = {stepping behavior},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{helbing-1995,
title = {Social Force Model for pedestrian dynamics},
author = {Dirk Helbing and Péter Molnár},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.51.4282},
year  = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {51},
number = {5},
pages = {4282--4286},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{bando-1995-cdyn,
title = {Dynamical model of traffic congestion and numerical simulation},
author = {M. Bando and K. Hasebe and A. Nakayama and A. Shibata and Y. Sugiyama},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.51.1035},
year  = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Physical Review E},
volume = {51},
issue = {2},
pages = {1035--1042},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
abstract = {We present a dynamical model of traffic congestion based on the equation of motion of each vehicle. In this model, the legal velocity function is introduced, which is a function of the headway of the preceding vehicle. We investigate this model with both analytic and numerical methods. The stability of traffic flow is analyzed, and the evolution of traffic congestion is observed with the development of time.},
keywords = {modeling, optimal velocity model, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{feinberg-1995-cdyn,
title = {FIRESCAP: A computer simulation model of reaction to a fire alarm},
author = {William E. Feinberg and Norris R. Johnson},
doi = {10.1080/0022250X.1995.9990164},
year  = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {The Journal of Mathematical Sociology},
volume = {20},
number = {2--3},
pages = {247--269},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{proulx-1995-cdyn,
title = {Evacuation time and movement in apartment buildings},
author = {Guyl`ene Proulx},
doi = {10.1016/0379-7112(95)00023-M},
issn = {0379-7112},
year  = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Fire Safety Journal},
volume = {24},
number = {3},
pages = {229--246},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{sime-1995-cdyn,
title = {Crowd psychology and engineering},
author = {Jonathan D. Sime},
doi = {10.1016/0925-7535(96)81011-3},
year  = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Safety Science},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {1--14},
abstract = {This paper argues that a comprehensive approach to crowd safety design, management and risk assessment needs to integrate psychology and engineering frames of reference. Psychology and engineering are characteristically mutually exclusive in their focus on the perspective of crowd rnembers who think and behat, e (psychology) or on static and dynamic objects (engineering). Engineering places as much emphasis on the physical environment as psychology negates the relationship between the physical environment and people. This paper stresses the need to address the relationship between (A) design and engineering (B) communications technology x(C) crowd managementx(D) crowd behaviour and movement. Theories of crowd psychology are briefly reviewed with particular reference to crowd ingress and egress and misconceptions about 'panic' or irrational behaviour. Assumptions about panic reinforce an emphasis on the control of a crowd, as if a crowd is a homogeneous mass of bodies or 'ballbearings', rather than the management of a crowd as a collection of individuals and social groups who need accurate and timely information if they are to remain sale. Particular emphasis is put on the fact that the time Ibr a crowd to escape from a sittlation of potential entrapment is a function of T ( Time to escape) = t~ ( time to start to move) + t2 ( time to move to and pass through exits), rather than T= t2. This is illustrated by reference to research of escape behaviour in the Summerland fire and underground station evacuations. The paper concludes by stressi.ng the need to validate computer simulations of crowd movement and escape behaviour against psychological as well as engineering criteria.},
keywords = {fire, modeling, psychology, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{thompson-1995-cdyn,
title = {A computer model for the evacuation of large building populations},
author = {Peter A. Thompson and Eric W. Marchant},
doi = {10.1016/0379-7112(95)00019-P},
year  = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Fire Safety Journal},
volume = {24},
number = {2},
pages = {131--148},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{nagel-1994-cdyn,
title = {Microscopic traffic modeling on parallel high performance computers},
author = {K. Nagel and A. Schleicher},
doi = {10.1016/0167-8191(94)90117-1},
issn = {0167-8191},
year  = {1994},
date = {1994-01-01},
journal = {Parallel Computing},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {125--146},
abstract = {A simple, rule-based approach to traffic flow can yield astonishingly realistic results and is therefore a candidate for very fast large scale microscopic traffic simulations. In the present article, we evaluate two conceptually different codings of the same dynamics on parallel supercomputers. We use a Parsytec GCel-3 (1024 nodes), an Intel iPSC/860 (32 nodes), and a Connection Machine CM-5 (32 nodes). For comparison purposes, we use as well a NEC-SX3/11 traditional single node vector computer, and a net of coupled workstations. Compared to published computing speeds of microscopic traffic models, our model proves to be up to about 1000 times faster. We find our highest computing speed by employing a single-bit coding scheme used in, e.g., Ising-model programming. As traffic flow is a one-dimensional problem, a complication is that geometric parallelization has to be done in the same direction as single-bit coding. Nevertheless, we reach efficiencies near 100 percent for large systems. We use these computational resources in order to obtain high quality data of the model's average behavior (fundamental diagrams). In addition, we present results from modeling a road network, whose composition out of basic objects leads in a natural way to some temporal 'slackness' which helps balancing load asymmetries.},
keywords = {modeling, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{proulx-1993-cdyn,
title = {A stress model for people facing a fire},
author = {Guyléne Proulx},
year  = {1993},
date = {1993-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {137--147},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{schadschneider-1993-cdyn,
title = {Cellular automation models and traffic flow},
author = {A. Schadschneider and M. Schreckenberg},
doi = {10.1088/0305-4470/26/15/011},
year  = {1993},
date = {1993-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General},
volume = {26},
number = {15},
pages = {L679},
abstract = {A cellular automaton model for the description of traffic flow is investigated. It generalizes asymmetric exclusion models which have attracted a lot of interest in the past. The authors calculate the so-called fundamental diagram (flow versus density) for parallel dynamics using an improved mean-field approximation which takes into account short-range correlations. For maximum velocity they find that the simplest of these non-trivial approximations gives the exact result. For higher velocities their results are in excellent agreement with numerical data.},
keywords = {cellular automata, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zeithaml-1993-cdyn,
title = {The nature and determinants of customer expectations of service},
author = {Valarie A. Zeithaml and Leonard L. Berry and Ananthanarayanan Parasuraman},
doi = {10.1177/0092070393211001},
year  = {1993},
date = {1993-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {1--12},
abstract = {A conceptual model articulating the nature and determinants of customer expectations of service is proposed and discussed. The model specifies three different types of service expectations: desired service, adequate service, and predicted service. Seventeen propositions about service expectations and their antecedents are provided. Discussion centers on the research implications of the model and its propositions.},
keywords = {ants, pedestrian, psychology, queues, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{elliott-1993-cdyn,
title = {Football stadia disasters in the United Kingdom: learning from tragedy?},
author = {Dominic Elliott and Denis Smith},
doi = {10.1177/108602669300700304},
year  = {1993},
date = {1993-01-01},
journal = {Organization & Environment},
volume = {7},
pages = {205--229},
keywords = {disaster},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{helbing-1992-cdyn,
title = {A Fluid Dynamic Model for the Movement of pedestrian},
author = {Dirk Helbing},
year  = {1992},
date = {1992-01-01},
journal = {Complex Systems},
volume = {6},
pages = {391--415},
abstract = {A kind of fluid dynamic description for the collective movement of pedestrians is developed on the basis of a Boltzmann-like gaskinetic model. The differences between these pedestrian specific equations and those for ordinary fluids are worked out, for example concerning the mechanism of relaxation to equilibrium, the role of ``pressure'', the special influence of internal friction and the origin of ``temperature''. Some interesting results are derived that can be compared to real situations, for example the development of walking lanes and of pedestrian jams, the propagation of waves, and the behavior on a dance floor. Possible applications of the model to town- and traffic-planning are outlined.},
keywords = {modeling, pedestrian, physics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{huth-1992-cdyn,
title = {The simulation of the movement of fish schools},
author = {Andreas Huth and Christian Wissel},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80681-2},
year  = {1992},
date = {1992-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
volume = {156},
number = {3},
pages = {365--385},
abstract = {Many species of fish schools organize for short or longer periods of time without a leader. We searched for the behaviour patterns of the individual fish, which allow movement of such a school. On the basis of biological facts we constructed a number of behaviour models and tested them with computer simulations against biological reality. Basic assumptions of our simulations are: (1) The motion of a fish is only influenced by the position and orientation of its nearest neighbours. (2) The new velocity and the turning angle of each fish (after a time step) are calculated by probability distributions taking into account random influences. (3) The movement of each model fish is based upon the same behaviour model, i.e. the modelled fish group swims without a leader. The basic behaviour patterns are attraction, repulsion and parallel orientation. Our investigations show that it is very important how a fish mixes the influences of its neighbours. If a fish averages the influences of its neighbours, the model fish group shows the typical characteristics of a real fish school: strong cohesion and high degree of polarization. If a fish only responds to a single neighbour, the model creates a confused fish group.},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{katz-1991-cdyn,
title = {Prescription for the waiting-in-line blues: entertain, enlighten, and engage},
author = {Karen L. Katz and Blaire M. Larson and Richard C. Larson},
year  = {1991},
date = {1991-01-01},
journal = {Sloan Management Review},
volume = {32},
pages = {44--53},
abstract = {As Consumers experience is greater squeeze on their time, even short waits seem longer than ever before. If firms can improve customers' perceptions of the time they spend waiting to be served, then customers will experience less frustration and may feel more satisfied with the service encounter. This paper examines customer perceptions of waiting in line and investigates methods for making waiting more tolerable.},
keywords = {pedestrian, psychology, queues, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{simon-1990-cdyn,
title = {Invariants of Human Behavior},
author = {Herbert A. Simon},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.000245},
year  = {1990},
date = {1990-01-01},
journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {1--20},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@book{canter-1990-cdyn,
title = {Fires and Human Behaviour},
author = {David Canter},
isbn = {9781853461392},
year  = {1990},
date = {1990-01-01},
publisher = {David Fulton Publishers},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@article{johnson-1988-cdyn,
title = {Fire in a Crowded Theater: A Descriptive Investigation of the Emergence of Panic},
author = {N. R. Johnson},
year  = {1988},
date = {1988-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {7--26},
keywords = {fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{mcfadyen-1988-cdyn,
title = {An integrated biomechanical analysis of normal stair ascent and descent},
author = {Bradford J. McFadyen and David A. Winter},
doi = {10.1016/0021-9290(88)90282-5},
issn = {0021-9290},
year  = {1988},
date = {1988-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Biomechanics},
volume = {21},
number = {9},
pages = {733--744},
keywords = {biomechanics, stepping behavior},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{larson-1987-cdyn,
title = {Perspectives on queues: social justice and the psychology of queueing},
author = {Richard Larson},
year  = {1987},
date = {1987-01-01},
journal = {Operations Research},
volume = {35},
number = {6},
pages = {895--905},
abstract = {Queues involve waiting, to be sure, but one's attitudes toward queues may be influenced more strongly by other factors. For instance, customers may become infuriated if they experience social injustice, defined as violation of first in, first out. Queueing environment and feedback regarding the likely magnitude of the delay can also influence customer attitudes and ultimately, in many instances, a firm's market share. Even if we focus on the wait itself, the "outcome" of the queueing experience may vary nonlinearly with the delay, thus reducing the importance of average time in queue, the traditional measure of queueing performance. This speculative paper uses personal experiences, published and unpublished cases, and occasionally "the literature" to begin to organize our thoughts on the important attributes of queueing. To flesh out more of these issues, the author asks for your cards and letters.},
keywords = {pedestrian, psychology, queues, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{milgram-1986-cdyn,
title = {Response to intrusion into waiting lines},
author = {Stanley Milgram and Hilary J. Liberty and Raymond Toledo and Joyce Wackenhut},
doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.683},
year  = {1986},
date = {1986-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
volume = {51},
number = {4},
pages = {683--689},
abstract = {Explored the relationship between the spatial configuration of the queue, which is viewed as a social system susceptible to experimental analysis, and the means by which its integrity is defended. Confederates intruded themselves into 129 naturally occurring waiting lines, and the defensive reactions of the queuers were noted. Queuers following the point of intrusion were more likely to object than those who preceded it; 2 intruders provoked more reaction than a single intruder; and buffers (passive confederates standing in line) dampened the queue's response to the intruders. Results suggest that the underlying structure of the queue is composed of replicated segments and that defense of the queue is local rather than systemic. Features particular to the waiting line that work against concerted action are described.},
keywords = {pedestrian, psychology, queues, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{gipps-1985-cdyn,
title = {A micro-simulation model for pedestrian flows},
author = {Peter G. Gipps and Bertil S. Marksjö},
doi = {10.1016/0378-4754(85)90027-8},
year  = {1985},
date = {1985-01-01},
journal = {Mathematics and Computers in Simulation},
volume = {27},
number = {2--3},
pages = {95--105},
abstract = {The ability to predict how changes in the walking environment will affect the pedestrian flow is important to the designers of buildings and other constructed facilities. These changes can act on an individual pedestrian directly by diverting him from his preferred route, and indirectly through their effect on the other pedestrians. If the behaviour of individuals can be adequately modelled, and the appropriate distribution of pedestrian types is employed, their corporate behaviour be realistic. This paper presents a model for the interactions between pedestrians which is intended for use in a graphical computer simulation. The program runs on a microcomputer and uses interactive colour graphics to display the operation of the model and assist in the validation and verification of the model.},
keywords = {cellular automata, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kirtley-1985-cdyn,
title = {Influence of walking speed on gait parameters},
author = {C. Kirtley and M. W. Whittle and R. J. Jefferson},
year  = {1985},
date = {1985-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Biomedical Engineering},
volume = {7},
number = {4},
pages = {282--288},
keywords = {biomechanics, stepping behavior},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{hornik-1984-cdyn,
title = {Subjective vs. Objective Time Measures: A Note on the Perception of Time in Consumer Behavior},
author = {Jacob Hornik},
doi = {10.1086/208998},
year  = {1984},
date = {1984-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Consumer Research},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {615--618},
abstract = {The effect of different temporal and nontemporal cues on individuals' time perception was observed using data on actual and perceived time in retail checkout lines. Findings suggest the importance of considering a time perception approach to consumer behavior.},
keywords = {pedestrian, psychology, queues, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@phdthesis{sime-1984-cdyn,
title = {Escape behaviour in fires: `Panic' or affiliation?},
author = {Jonathan D. Sime},
url = {http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/848024/},
year  = {1984},
date = {1984-01-01},
publisher = {University of Surrey},
address = {Guildford},
school = {University of Surrey (United Kingdom)},
abstract = {Fire regulations for buildings and architectural designs aimed at providing escape routes in case of fire, rest on unexamined assumptions. These are, briefly, that people 'panic' in fire and smoke and are therefore best kept in ignorance until the danger has been established that providing a variety of escape routes for use only in emergency will avert the surge to one entrance and the fight to escape through it. For shorthand this is called the panic concept or scenario. Evidence of real behaviour in fires does not support it. As will be shown, people appear to behave rationally in the light of the information they have. They also show marked preference for familiar routes and exits and concern for the safety of their family members. This is called the 'affiliation' model. Chapter 1 outlines the aims and structure of the thesis. Chapter 2 discusses the concept of panic and affiliative model. Chapter 3 reviews the existing research on escape behaviour in fires. Chapter 4 outlines the research strategy adopted: based on multivariate statistical analyses of categorical (frequency) data derived from interview accounts collected from fire survivors: Act sequence transitions, Multi-variate and Partial-Order Scalogram Analyses (MSA-1, POSA), Causal Loglinear Analysis (CLA). The analyses focus on Recognition of the fire threat, Role, Location, Group membership and Location, Direction of Movement. Chapter. 5 analyses the sequence of acts of 41 individuals in 14 domestic fires. Chapter 6 analyses the pattern and distance moved by 33 survivors of an hotel fire. Chapter 7 examines the exit choice behaviour by 75 people in the Marquee Showbar (MSB) (Summer-land Fire). Chapter 8 examines the pattern of affiliative behaviour of 128 people in the Solarium (Summerland). Chapter 9 analyses the outcome of escape behaviour for groups and individuals in the MSB and Solarium. In general, the affiliative model fits the results much more closely than the panic concept. Chapter 10 outlines the implications of the research, in particular the weakness in assuming people will use conventionally unfamiliar emergency escape routes.},
keywords = {affiliation, attachment theory, fire, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@article{sime-1983-cdyn,
title = {Affiliative behaviour during escape to building exits},
author = {Jonathan D. Sime},
doi = {10.1016/S0272-4944(83)80019-X},
year  = {1983},
date = {1983-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Psychology},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
pages = {21--41},
keywords = {affiliation, evacuation, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{aoki-1982-cdyn,
title = {A simulation study on the schooling mechanism in fish},
author = {Ichiro Aoki},
doi = {10.2331/suisan.48.1081},
issn = {0021-5392},
year  = {1982},
date = {1982-01-01},
journal = {Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi},
volume = {48},
number = {8},
pages = {1081--1088},
publisher = {Japanese Society of Fisheries Science},
keywords = {animal, fish},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inbook{sime-1980-cdyn,
title = {Fires and human behaviour},
author = {Jonathan D. Sime},
editor = {David Canter},
year  = {1980},
date = {1980-01-01},
volume = {1},
pages = {63--81},
publisher = {John Wiley & Sons},
chapter = {The concept of panic},
keywords = {affiliation, fire},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
@article{schlesinger-1979-cdyn,
title = {Terminology for model credibility},
author = {S. Schlesinger},
doi = {10.1177/003754977903200304},
year  = {1979},
date = {1979-01-01},
journal = {Simulation},
volume = {32},
number = {3},
pages = {103--104},
abstract = {The standard set of terminology herein described was compiled by the SCS Technical Committee on Model Credibility as a report to the general membership.},
keywords = {validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{lozano-1979-cdyn,
title = {An Algorithm for Planning Collision-free Paths Among Polyhedral Obstacles},
author = {Tomás Lozano-Pérez and Michael A. Wesley},
doi = {10.1145/359156.359164},
year  = {1979},
date = {1979-01-01},
journal = {Commun. ACM},
volume = {22},
number = {10},
pages = {560--570},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {New York},
keywords = {graphs, path planning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{snyder-1978-cdyn,
title = {Reconstructing the past: Some cognitive consequences of person perception},
author = {Mark Snyder and Seymour W. Uranowitz},
doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.36.9.941},
year  = {1978},
date = {1978-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
volume = {36},
number = {9},
pages = {941--950},
abstract = {Investigated systematic retrospective distortions of past events precipitated by one's current beliefs about another individual. 212 undergraduates read an extensive narrative about the life of a woman named Betty K. Either immediately after reading the case history or 1 wk later, some participants learned that she was currently living a lesbian life-style; others learned that she was currently living a heterosexual life-style; still others learned nothing about her life-style. The impact of this new information on recognition memory for factual events in Betty K.'s life was assessed 1 wk after reading the case history. Ss selectively affirmed events that supported and bolstered their current interpretations of Betty K. Performance was the same whether Ss learned this information immediately after reading the case history or 1 wk later. Additional evidence suggests that these results are best characterized as the product of an interaction between stereotyped beliefs about sexuality and genuine memory for factual events. Implications of these findings for the nature, function, and consequences of social knowledge are discussed},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@book{tilly-1977-cdyn,
title = {From Mobilization to Revolution},
author = {Charles Tilly},
url = {https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/50931/156.pdf},
year  = {1977},
date = {1977-01-01},
publisher = {Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan},
keywords = {behavior, crowd, group, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@article{leask-1977-cdyn,
title = {A physicochemical mechanism for magnetic field detection by migratory birds and homing pigeons},
author = {M. J. M. Leask},
doi = {10.1038/267144a0},
issn = {1476-4687},
year  = {1977},
date = {1977-01-01},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {267},
issue = {5607},
pages = {144--145},
abstract = {Migratory birds and homing pigeons can apparently obtain directional information from the Earth's magnetic field. The effect is difficult to detect, and discussion of the possible process of magnetic field detection by birds seems so far to have foundered on the simple fact that the orientational effect of the Earth's magnetic field on a single electron spin associated with a molecule of animal tissue would be of the order 10-8 eV - almost certainly too small to be detectable biologically. Here I direct attention to a process which would overcome this basic problem, and which also seems to provide an explanation of all the main features of published data. It is a mechanism in principle only, however, and is discussed here in no more detail than is necessary to clarify the basic ideas and to provide a basis for further investigation.},
keywords = {experiment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{box-1976-cdyn,
title = {Science and Statistics},
author = {George E. P. Box},
doi = {10.1080/01621459.1976.10480949},
year  = {1976},
date = {1976-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
volume = {71},
number = {356},
pages = {791--799},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {Aspects of scientific method are discussed: In particular, its representation as a motivated iteration in which, in succession, practice confronts theory, and theory, practice. Rapid progress requires sufficient flexibility to profit from such confrontations, and the ability to devise parsimonious but effective models, to worry selectively about model inadequacies and to employ mathematics skillfully but appropriately. The development of statistical methods at Rothamsted Experimental Station by Sir Ronald Fisher is used to illustrate these themes.},
keywords = {animal, fish, mathematics, model, model selection, statistics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{hirai-1975-cdyn,
title = {A simulation of the behavior of a crowd in panic},
author = {K. Hirai and K. Tarui},
year  = {1975},
date = {1975-01-01},
booktitle = {Proc. of the 1975 International Conference on Cybernetics and Society},
pages = {409},
keywords = {modeling, social forces},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@book{nye-1975-cdyn,
title = {The origins of crowd psychology: Gustave LeBon and the crisis of mass democracy in the third republic},
author = {Robert A. Nye},
isbn = {978-0803999039},
year  = {1975},
date = {1975-01-01},
volume = {2},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
keywords = {behavior, crowd, group, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@book{schwartz-1975-cdyn,
title = {Queuing and Waiting: Studies in the Social Organization of Access and Delay},
author = {Barry Schwartz},
isbn = {9780226742106},
year  = {1975},
date = {1975-01-01},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
keywords = {pedestrian, psychology, queues, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@article{stilitz-1969-cdyn,
title = {The Role of Static Pedestrian Groups in Crowded Spaces},
author = {I. B. Stilitz},
doi = {10.1080/00140136908931100},
year  = {1969},
date = {1969-01-01},
journal = {Ergonomics},
volume = {12},
number = {6},
pages = {821--839},
abstract = {It was hypothesized that groups of static pedestrians would play an important role in determining pattorns of movement in crowded spaces. This was investigated in five ticket halls in the London Underground. Queues, groups of people using automatic ticket machines, and other types of static groups were observed. The location of these groups was related to the layout of the space, and their general effects on movement through the space were assessed. It was found that under certain conditions static groups impede movement and diminish the effective width of key movoment channels. Although the study was exploratory, the results suggest a number of ways in which the layout of certain types of space might be optimized in terms of the criteria considered.},
keywords = {empirical, group, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{zimbardo-1969-cdyn,
title = {The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order vs. deindividuation, impulse, and chaos},
author = {Philip G. Zimbardo},
editor = {W. J. Arnold and D. Levine},
year  = {1969},
date = {1969-01-01},
journal = {Nebraska Symposium on Motivation},
pages = {237--307},
keywords = {behavior, crowd, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{mann-1969-cdyn,
title = {Queue Culture: The Waiting Line as a Social System},
author = {Leon Mann},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2775696},
year  = {1969},
date = {1969-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
volume = {75},
number = {3},
pages = {340--354},
publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
abstract = {The long, overnight queue is seen as a miniature social system faced with the problems of every social system, formulating its own set set of informal rules to govern acts of pushing in and place keeping, leaves of absence, and the applications of sanctions. Cultural values of egalitarianism and orderliness are related to respect for the principle of service according to order of arrival which is embodied in the idea of a queue. The importance of time in Western culture is reflected in rules relating to serving time to earn ones position in line, and to the regulation of time-outs. The value of business enterprise is expressed in the activities of professional speculators and queue counters. Queue jumping is discouraged by a number of contraints, but, if social pressure fails, physical force is seldom used to eject the intruder. Principles of queue etiquette are illustrated with empirical and anecdotal evidence from the study of Australian football queues.},
keywords = {pedestrian, psychology, queues, sociology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{grieve-1966-cdyn,
title = {The Relationships Between Length of Stride, Step Frequency, Time of Swing and Speed of Walking for Children and Adults},
author = {D. W. Grieve and Ruth J. Gear},
doi = {10.1080/00140136608964399},
year  = {1966},
date = {1966-01-01},
journal = {Ergonomics},
volume = {9},
number = {5},
pages = {379--399},
keywords = {biomechanics, stepping behavior},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{bandura-1963-cdyn,
title = {Imitation of film-mediated agressive models},
author = {Albert Bandura and Dorothea Ross and Sheila A. Ross},
doi = {10.1037/h0048687},
issn = {0021-843X},
year  = {1963},
date = {1963-01-01},
journal = {Journal of abnormal and social psychology},
volume = {66},
pages = {3--11},
abstract = {In a test of the hypothesis that exposure of children to film-mediated aggressivemodels would increase the probability of Ss' aggression to subsequent frustration, 1 group of experimental Ss observed real-life aggressive models, a 2nd observed these same models portraying aggression on film, while a 3rd group viewed a film depicting an aggressive cartoon character. Following the exposure treatment, Ss were mildly frustrated and tested for the amount of imitative and nonimitative aggression in a different experimental setting. The overall results provide evidence for both the facilitating and the modeling influence of film-mediated aggressive stimulation. In addition, the findings reveal that the effects of such exposure are to some extent a function of the sex of the model, sex of the child, and the reality cues of the model.},
keywords = {experiment, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ford-1958-cdyn,
title = {Constructing Maximal Dynamic Flows from Static Flows},
author = {Lester Randolph Ford and Delbert Ray Fulkerson},
doi = {10.1287/opre.6.3.419},
year  = {1958},
date = {1958-01-01},
journal = {Operations Research},
volume = {6},
number = {3},
pages = {419--433},
abstract = {A network, in which two integers tij (the traversal time) and cij (the capacity) are associated with each arc PiPj, is considered with respect to the following question. What is the maximal amount of goods that can be transported from one node to another in a given number T of time periods, and how does one ship in order to achieve this maximum? A computationally efficient algorithm for solving this dynamic linear-programming problem is presented. The algorithm has the following features (a) The only arithmetic operations required are addition and subtraction (b) In solving for a given time period T, optimal solutions for all lesser time periods are a by-product (c) The constructed optimal solution for a given T is presented as a relatively small number of activities (chain-flows) which are repeated over and over until the end of the T periods. Hence, in particular, hold-overs at intermediate nodes are not required (d) Arcs which serve as bottlenecks for the flow are singled out, as well as the time periods in which they act as such (e) In solving the problem for successive values of T, stabilization on a set of chain-flows (see (c) above) eventually occurs, and an a priori bound on when stabilization occurs can be established. The fact that there exist solutions to this problem which have the simple form described in (c) is remarkable, since other dynamic linear-programming problems that have been studied do not enjoy this property.},
keywords = {flow, mathematics, optimization},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{simon-1956-cdyn,
title = {Rational choice and the structure of the environment},
author = {Herbert A. Simon},
doi = {10.1037/h0042769},
year  = {1956},
date = {1956-01-01},
journal = {Psychological Review},
volume = {63},
number = {2},
pages = {129--138},
abstract = {In this paper I have attempted to identify some of the structural characteristics that are typical of the 'psychological' environments of organisms. We have seen that an organism in an environment with these characteristics requires only very simple perceptual and choice mechanisms to satisfy its several needs and to assure a high probability of its survival over extended periods of time. In particular, no 'utility function' needs to be postulated for the organism, nor does it require any elaborate procedure for calculating marginal rates of substitution among different wants.},
keywords = {ants},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{stephan-1952-cdyn,
title = {The Distribution of Participation in Small Groups: An Exponential Approximation},
author = {Frederick F. Stephan and Elliot G. Mishler},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2088227},
year  = {1952},
date = {1952-01-01},
journal = {American Sociological Review},
volume = {17},
number = {5},
pages = {598--608},
abstract = {In contemporary sociological and social psychological theory and research an increasing amount of attention has been given to the functioning of small groups.' Many attempts have been made to analyze the interaction that takes place in small group meetings and to discover general principles that appear to determine, or at least influence, the pattern of participation by the various members of the group. The research reported here is devoted to one of the basic aspects of small group research, namely the relative frequency of participation. Specifically, this study concerns the application of a relatively simple mathematical function that appears to express quite well the distribution of participation within a particular type of small discussion group. In a recent paper, Bales suggested that a harmonic distribution might serve to approximate the relative frequency of acts of participation among members of small problem- solving groups. The results he obtained, however, indicated that this approximation is not close enough to be fully satisfactory and, for this reason, he concluded that a more complicated model may be necessary for greater precision. The proven inadequacy of the harmonic model, however, does not necessitate the use of models of great complexity. A model of comparable simplicity is available which appears to provide a very good representation of data obtained from a variety of small discussion groups. It is a simple exponential model, that had previously been applied by one of the authors to another study of group participation. When it was applied to Bales' published data, it provided a good fit.4 This paper is primarily concerned with the general adequacy of this exponential model for representing other sets of participation data.},
keywords = {empirical, group, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@book{howard-1920-cdyn,
title = {Territory in bird life},
author = {Henry Eliot Howard},
doi = {10.5962/bhl.title.23124},
year  = {1920},
date = {1920-01-01},
pages = {360},
publisher = {Murray},
note = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/23124},
keywords = {animal, behavior},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
@inproceedings{fruin-1993-cdyn,
title = {The Causes and Prevention of Crowd Disasters},
author = {John J. Fruin},
booktitle = {International conference: Engineering for crowd safety},
pages = {99-108},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Crowds occur frequently, usually without serious problems. Occasionally venue inadequacies and deficient crowd management result in injuries and fatalities. Major crowd incidents are described. Extreme crowding results in individual loss of control, and both psychological and physiological problems. A simple model with the acronym "FIST" is proposed to provide a basic understanding of crowd disasters. The acronym elements are defined as the crowd Force (F); the Information (I) upon which the crowd acts; the physical Space (S) involved, both in terms of individual density and larger scale architectural features; and Time (T), the duration of the incident. The model is used to illustrate crowd characteristics and to develop guidelines for the prevention of crowd disasters. It is concluded that real time information and communication are key factors in preventing crowd disasters. The formal certification of crowd manager for venues of 500 persons or more is recommended.},
keywords = {evacuation, safety},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{geraerts-2007-cdyn,
title = {The corridor map method: a general framework for real-time high-quality path planning},
author = {Roland Geraerts and Mark H. Overmars},
doi = {10.1002/cav.166},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {107--119},
abstract = {In many virtual environment applications, paths have to be planned for characters to traverse from a start to a goal position in the virtual world while avoiding obstacles. Contemporary applications require a path planner that is fast (to ensure real-time interaction with the environment) and flexible (to avoid local hazards such as small and dynamic obstacles). In addition, paths need to be smooth and short to ensure natural looking motions. Current path planning techniques do not obey these criteria simultaneously. For example, A* approaches generate unnatural looking paths, potential field-based methods are too slow, and sampling-based path planning techniques are inflexible. We propose a new technique, the Corridor Map Method (CMM), which satisfies all the criteria. In an off-line construction phase, the CMM creates a system of collision-free corridors for the static obstacles in an environment. In the query phase, paths can be planned inside the corridors for different types of characters while avoiding dynamic obstacles. Experiments show that high-quality paths for single characters or groups of characters can be obtained in real-time.},
keywords = {graphs, informatics, mathematics, navigation, path planning, route choice, visualization, wayfinding},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{goatin-2009-cdyn,
title = {A macroscopic model for pedestrian flows in panic situations},
author = {Paola Goatin and Rinaldo M. Colombo and Massimiliano D. Rosini},
url = {https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00534888},
booktitle = {4th Polish-Japan Days},
volume = {32},
pages = {255--272},
address = {Madralin, Poland},
abstract = {In this paper we present the macroscopic model for pedestrian flows proposed by Colombo and Rosini [10] and show its main properties. In particular, this model is able to properly describe the movements of crowds, even after panic has arisen. Furthermore, it is able to reproduce the so called Braess' paradox for pedestrians. From the mathematical point of view, it provides one of the few examples of non classical shocks motivated by real problems, for which a global existence result is available. Finally, its assumptions were experimentally confirmed by an empirical study of a crowd crush on the Jamarat Bridge in Mina, Saudi Arabia, near Mecca, see [17].},
keywords = {evacuation, flow, macroscopic, mathematics, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{hanisch-2003-cdyn,
title = {Online simulation of pedestrian flow in public buildings},
author = {André Hanisch and Juri Tolujew and Klaus Richter and Thomas Schulze},
doi = {10.1109/WSC.2003.1261613},
isbn = {0-7803-8131-9},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2003 Winter Simulation Conference},
volume = {2},
pages = {1635--1641},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
abstract = {Online simulation of pedestrian flow in public buildings is a new tool which can be especially useful for improving the aspects of safety and short-term planning in the phase of organizing and operating large public buildings. These might be places such as a train station, an airport or a shopping center. We provide an insight into the different concepts of pedestrian flow simulation. Special emphasis is placed on explaining the mesoscopic approach as applied to the area of traffic simulation. This approach is transferred to the context of analyzing and predicting the pedestrian flow. A first prototypical implementation of a simulation supported control center is briefly presented, also.},
keywords = {flow, informatics, mesoscopic, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{kleinmeier-2020-cdynb,
title = {Agent-Based Simulation of Collective Cooperation: From Experiment to Model},
author = {Benedikt Kleinmeier and Gerta Köster and John Drury},
doi = {10.1098/rsif.2020.0396},
issn = {1742-5662},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Society Interface},
volume = {17},
issue = {171},
pages = {20200396},
abstract = {Simulation models of pedestrian dynamics have become an invaluable tool for evacuation planning. Typically crowds are assumed to stream unidirectionally towards a safe area. Simulated agents avoid collisions through mechanisms that belong to each individual, such as being repelled from each other by imaginary forces. But classic locomotion models fail when collective cooperation is called for, notably when an agent, say a first-aid attendant, needs to forge a path through a densely packed group. We present a controlled experiment to observe what happens when humans pass through a dense static crowd. We formulate and test hypothesis on salient phenomena. We discuss our observations in a psychological framework. We derive a model that incorporates: agents' perception and cognitive processing of a situation that needs cooperation; selection from a portfolio of behaviours, such as being cooperative; and a suitable action, such as swapping places. Agents' ability to successfully get through a dense crowd emerges as an effect of the psychological model.},
keywords = {behavior, crowd, density, experiment, informatics, modeling, psychology, static, stationary},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{kormanova-2013-cdyn,
title = {A Review on Macroscopic Pedestrian Flow Modelling},
author = {Anna Kormanová},
url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/prg/jnlaip/v2013y2013i2id22p39-50.html},
doi = {10.18267/j.aip.22},
volume = {2013},
number = {2},
pages = {39--50},
abstract = {This paper reviews several various approaches to macroscopic pedestrian modelling. It describes hydrodynamic models based on similarity of pedestrian flow with fluids and gases; first-order flow models that use fundamental diagrams and conservation equation; and a model similar to LWR vehicular traffic model, which allows non-classical shocks. At the end of the paper there is stated a comparison of described models, intended to find appropriate macroscopic model to eventually be a part of a hybrid model. The future work of the author is outlined.},
keywords = {informatics, macroscopic, modeling, pedestrian, review},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{kuenzner-2016-cdyn,
title = {Practical Use of Chaospy for Pedestrian Traffic Simulations},
author = {Florian Kuenzner and Tobias Neckel and Isabella Sivers},
url = {http://www5.in.tum.de/pub/Kuenzner_SIAM_UQ_2016.pdf},
booktitle = {SIAM UQ 2016},
abstract = {We applied chaospy for forward UQ simulations of pedes-trian evacuation scenarios. Chaospy proved to be very flex-ible and extensible when coupled to a black-box solver.Additional functionality concerning pre-/postprocessing ofdata as well as the parallel execution of the traffic simula-tions on a cluster can easily be realised in python directly.The poster shows the whole simulation pipeline, from thesetup to the visualisation of the uncertainty, which the ap-plication scientists can easily interpret},
keywords = {evacuation, pedestrian, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@article{lighthill-1955-cdyn,
title = {On kinematic waves II. A theory of traffic flow on long crowded roads},
author = {Michael James Lighthill and Gerald Beresford Whitham},
url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rspa.1955.0089},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.1955.0089},
volume = {229},
number = {1178},
pages = {317--345},
abstract = {This paper uses the method of kinematic waves, developed in part I, but may be read independently. A functional relationship between flow and concentration for traffic on crowded arterial roads has been postulated for some time, and has experimental backing (S2). From this a theory of the propagation of changes in traffic distribution along these roads may be deduced (SS2, 3). The theory is applied (S4) to the problem of estimating how a ``hump'', or region of increased concentration, will move along a crowded main road. It is suggested that it will move slightly slower than the mean vehicle speed, and that vehicles passing through it will have to reduce speed rather suddenly (at a ``shock wave'') on entering it, but can increase speed again only very gradually as they leave it. The hump gradually spreads out along the road, and the time scale of this process is estimated. The behaviour of such a hump on entering a bottleneck, which is too narrow to admit the increased flow, is studied (S5), and methods are obtained for estimating the extent and duration of the resulting hold-up. The theory is applicable principally to traffic behaviour over a long stretch of road, but the paper concludes (S6) with a discussion of its relevance to problems of flow near junctions, including a discussion of the starting flow at a controlled junction. In the introductory sections 1 and 2, we have included some elementary material on the quantitative study of traffic flow for the benefit of scientific readers unfamiliar with the subject.},
keywords = {flow, macroscopic, mathematics, modeling, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@misc{moore-2012-cdyn,
title = {Physics 212: Statistical mechanics II, Lecture II},
author = {Joel Moore},
url = {http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~jemoore/Moore_group,_UC_Berkeley/Physics_212_files/phys212ln4.pdf},
keywords = {few particle systems, physics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
@article{kleinmeier-2020,
title = {Agent-Based Simulation of Collective Cooperation: From Experiment to Model},
author = {Benedikt Kleinmeier and Gerta Köster and John Drury},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.12712},
abstract = {Simulation models of pedestrian dynamics have become an invaluable tool for evacuation planning. Typically crowds are assumed to stream unidirectionally towards a safe area. Simulated agents avoid collisions through mechanisms that belong to each individual, such as being repelled from each other by imaginary forces. But classic locomotion models fail when collective cooperation is called for, notably when an agent, say a first-aid attendant, needs to forge a path through a densely packed group. We present a controlled experiment to observe what happens when humans pass through a dense static crowd. We formulate and test hypothesis on salient phenomena. We discuss our observations in a psychological framework. We derive a model that incorporates: agents' perception and cognitive processing of a situation that needs cooperation; selection from a portfolio of behaviours, such as being cooperative; and a suitable action, such as swapping places. Agents' ability to successfully get through a dense crowd emerges as an effect of the psychological model.},
keywords = {behavioral changes, crowd, density, experiment, informatics, modeling, psychology, static, stationary},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{rahn-2021-cdyn,
title = {Dynamics of a Simulated Demonstration March: An Efficient Sensitivity Analysis},
author = {Simon Rahn and Marion Gödel and Rainer Fischer and Gerta Köster},
doi = {10.3390/su13063455},
journal = {Sustainability},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {3455},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
abstract = {Protest demonstrations are a manifestation of fundamental rights. Authorities are responsible for guiding protesters safely along predefined routes, typically set in an urban built environment. Microscopic crowd simulations support decision-makers in finding sustainable crowd management strategies. 
Planning routes usually requires knowledge about the length of the demonstration march. This case study quantifies the impact of two uncertain parameters, the number of protesters and the standard deviation of their free-flow speeds, on the length of a protest march through Kaiserslautern, Germany. Over 1000 participants walking through more than 100000 m2 lead to a computationally demanding model that cannot be analyzed with a standard Monte Carlo ansatz. We select and apply analysis methods that are efficient for large topographies. This combination constitutes the main novelty of this paper: We compute Sobol indices with two different methods, based on polynomial chaos expansions, for a down-scaled version of the original set-up and compare them to Monte Carlo computations. We employ the more accurate of the approaches for the full-scale scenario. The global sensitivity analysis reveals a shift in the governing parameter from the number of protesters to the standard deviation of their free-flow speeds over time, stressing the benefits of a time-dependent analysis. We discuss typical actions, for example floats that reduce the variation of the free-flow speed, and their effectiveness in view of the findings.},
keywords = {cdyn, crowd dynamics, crowd management, sensitivity analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{wagoum-2013-cdyn,
title = {[No title]},
crossref = {kemloh-2013-cdyn},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@inproceedings{scheafer-2014-cdyn,
title = {Applying Persona Method for Describing Users of Escape Routes},
crossref = {schaefer-2014-cdyn},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@inproceedings{kretz-2009b-cdyn,
title = {Comparison of Various Methods for the Calculation of the Distance Potential Field},
crossref = {kretz-2010-cdyn},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{bueck-2007-cdyn,
title = {Preliminary results of a multiagent traffic simulation for berlin},
crossref = {beuck-2007-cdyn},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{haghani-2020c-cdyn,
title = {Empirical methods in pedestrian, crowd and evacuation dynamics: Part I. Experimental methods and emerging topics},
crossref = {haghani-2020a-cdyn},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@conference{abadeer-2020-cdyn,
title = {Simulating infection transmission: A case study of COVID-19},
author = {Mina Abadeer and Sergei Gorlatch},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85096745031&partnerID=40&md5=fd5dee05ef393a85cde40b5d42e55ef4},
journal = {Modelling and Simulation 2020 -- The European Simulation and Modelling Conference, ESM 2020},
pages = {310--317},
publisher = {EUROSIS},
abstract = {Nowadays, one of the top priorities for public healthis estimating the effectiveness of protective measures tomitigate the COVID-19 epidemic. A promising way toexplore various protective measures and to estimate thepotential benefits and costs of a variety of options is touse computer modeling. In this paper, we introduce anew infection transmission model and examine protec-tive measures as intervention options. We calibrate andapply our model to simulate the COVID-19 epidemicsituation in the city of Muenster, Germany. We imple-ment our model on top of various locomotion modelsin the Vadere simulation framework. Experiments withour approach show that social distancing can reduce thepeak attack rates by up to 85 Percent, while self-isolation orhousehold quarantine can have a significant impact bydelaying the epidemic peak. Furthermore, combining so-cial distancing, self-quarantine and school closures cangreatly mitigate the spread of the epidemic.},
keywords = {corona, covid-19, epidemic, infection, modeling, pandemic, pedestrian, SIR, transmission model, Vadere},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
@inproceedings{berton-2020-cdyn,
title = {Eye-Gaze Activity in Crowds: Impact of Virtual Reality and Density},
author = {Florian Berton and Ludovic Hoyet and Anne-Hélène Olivier and Julien Bruneau and Olivier Le Meur and Julien Pettré},
doi = {10.1109/VR46266.2020.00052},
issn = {2642-5254},
booktitle = {2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)},
pages = {322--331},
abstract = {When we are walking in crowds, we mainly use visual information to avoid collisions with other pedestrians. Thus, gaze activity should be considered to better understand interactions between people in a crowd. In this work, we use Virtual Reality (VR) to facilitate motion and gaze tracking, as well as to accurately control experimental conditions, in order to study the effect of crowd density on eye-gaze behavior. Our motivation is to better understand how interaction neighborhood (i.e., the subset of people actually influencing one's locomotion trajectory) changes with density. To this end, we designed two experiments. The first one evaluates the biases introduced by the use of VR on the visual activity when walking among people, by comparing eye-gaze activity while walking in a real and virtual street. We then designed a second experiment where participants walked in a virtual street with different levels of pedestrian density. We demonstrate that gaze fixations are performed at the same frequency despite increases in pedestrian density, while the eyes scan a narrower portion of the street. These results suggest that in such situations walkers focus more on people in front and closer to them. These results provide valuable insights regarding eye-gaze activity during interactions between people in a crowd, and suggest new recommendations in designing more realistic crowd simulations.},
keywords = {ants, crowd, experiment, informatics, virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
@article{bianca-2018-cdyn,
title = {A thermostatted kinetic theory model for event-driven pedestrian dynamics},
author = {Carlo Bianca and Caterina Mogno},
doi = {10.1140/epjp/i2018-12055-5},
journal = {The European Physical Journal Plus},
volume = {133},
issue = {6},
abstract = {This paper is devoted to the modeling of the pedestrian dynamics by means of the thermostatted kinetic theory. Specifically the microscopic interactions among pedestrians and an external force field are modeled for simulating the evacuation of pedestrians from a metro station. The fundamentals of the stochastic game theory and the thermostatted kinetic theory are coupled for the derivation of a specific mathematical model which depicts the time evolution of the distribution of pedestrians at different exits of a metro station. The perturbation theory is employed in order to establish the stability analysis of the nonequilibrium stationary states in the case of a metro station consisting of two exits. A general sensitivity analysis on the initial conditions, the magnitude of the external force field and the number of exits is presented by means of numerical simulations which, in particular, show how the asymptotic distribution and the convergence time are affected by the presence of an external force field. The results show how, in evacuation conditions, the interaction dynamics among pedestrians can be negligible with respect to the external force. The important role of the thermostat term in allowing the reaching of the nonequilibrium stationary state is stressed out. Research perspectives are underlined at the end of paper, in particular for what concerns the derivation of frameworks that take into account the definition of local external actions and the introduction of the space and velocity dynamics.},
keywords = {event-driven update, pedestrian, sensitivity analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{biedermann-2016-cdyn,
title = {A Hybrid and Multiscale Approach to Model and Simulate Mobility in the Context of Public Events},
author = {Daniel H. Biedermann and Carolin Torchiani and Peter M. Kielar and David Willems and Oliver Handel and Stefan Ruzika and André Borrmann},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146516308808},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2016.12.094},
issn = {2352-1465},
volume = {19},
pages = {350--363},
abstract = {Organizers of large events have to ensure efficient mobility to guarantee a smooth and secure event course. Traffic and crowd simulations help to predict weak spots on the event's infrastructure. Thus, we propose a hybrid and multiscale approach to provide realistic and computationally efficient simulations. Our approach is able to predict traffic and crowd flow on different spatial resolutions. Events can be modeled on three spatial scales: macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic. Each scale has individual characteristics according to spatial resolution and computational efficiency. Our approach combines these scales to model multimodal aspects of mobilityduring an event course. For the macroscopic scale, a public transport approach, which combines network based optimization with simulation techniques, is presented. This optimization approach for bus transport was integrated into a crowd simulation platform, which simulates the behavior of visitors after having arrived at the event site.},
note = {Transforming Urban Mobility. mobil.TUM 2016. International Scientific Conference on Mobility and Transport. Conference Proceedings},
keywords = {dynamics, informatics, mathematics, mesoscopic, modeling, optimization, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{bruno-2011-cdyn,
title = {Non-local first-order modelling of crowd dynamics: A multidimensional framework with applications},
author = {Luca Bruno and Andrea Tosin and Paolo Tricerri and Fiammetta Venuti},
doi = {10.1016/j.apm.2010.07.007},
issn = {0307-904X},
volume = {35},
number = {1},
pages = {426--445},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
abstract = {In this work a physical modelling framework is presented, describing the intelligent, non-local, and anisotropic behaviour of pedestrians. Its phenomenological basics and constitutive elements are detailed, and a qualitative analysis is provided. Within this common framework, two first-order mathematical models, along with related numerical solution techniques, are derived. The models are oriented to specific real world applications: a one-dimensional model of crowd-structure interaction in footbridges and a two-dimensional model of pedestrian flow in an underground station with several obstacles and exits. The noticeable heterogeneity of the applications demonstrates the significance of the physical framework and its versatility in addressing different engineering problems. The results of the simulations point out the key role played by the physiological and psychological features of human perception on the overall crowd dynamics.},
keywords = {macroscopic, mathematics, modeling, pedestrian, perception, route choice},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{pouw-2020-cdyn,
title = {Monitoring physical distancing for crowd management: Real-time trajectory and group analysis},
author = {Caspar A. S. Pouw and Federico Toschi and Frank Schadewijk and Alessandro Corbetta},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0240963},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
abstract = {Physical distancing, as a measure to contain the spreading of Covid-19, is defining a "new normal". Unless belonging to a family, pedestrians in shared spaces are asked to observe a minimal (country-dependent) pairwise distance. Coherently, managers of public spaces may be tasked with the enforcement or monitoring of this constraint. As privacy-respectful real-time tracking of pedestrian dynamics in public spaces is a growing reality, it is natural to leverage on these tools to analyze the adherence to physical distancing and compare the effectiveness of crowd management measurements. Typical questions are: "in which conditions non-family members infringed social distancing?", "Are there repeated offenders?", and "How are new crowd management measures performing?". Notably, dealing with large crowds, e.g. in train stations, gets rapidly computationally challenging. In this work we have a two-fold aim: first, we propose an efficient and scalable analysis framework to process, offline or in real-time, pedestrian tracking data via a sparse graph. The framework tackles efficiently all the questions mentioned above, representing pedestrian-pedestrian interactions via vector-weighted graph connections. On this basis, we can disentangle distance offenders and family members in a privacy-compliant way. Second, we present a thorough analysis of mutual distances and exposure-times in a Dutch train platform, comparing pre-Covid and current data via physics observables as Radial Distribution Functions. The versatility and simplicity of this approach, developed to analyze crowd management measures in public transport facilities, enable to tackle issues beyond physical distancing, for instance the privacy-respectful detection of groups and the analysis of their motion patterns.},
keywords = {covid-19, crowd, empirical, measurements, social distance},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{colombi-2017-cdyn,
title = {A discrete mathematical model for the dynamics of a crowd of gazing pedestrians with and without an evolving environmental awareness},
author = {Annachiara Colombi and Marco Scianna and Alessandro Alaia},
doi = {10.1007/s40314-016-0316-x},
journal = {Computational and Applied Mathematics},
volume = {36},
issue = {2},
pages = {1113-1141},
abstract = {In this article, we present a microscopic-discrete mathematical model describing crowd dynamics in no panic conditions. More specifically, pedestrians are set to move in order to reach a target destination and their movement is influenced by both behavioral strategies and physical forces. Behavioral strategies include individual desire to remain sufficiently far from structural elements (walls and obstacles) and from other walkers, while physical forces account for interpersonal collisions. The resulting pedestrian behavior emerges therefore from non-local, anisotropic and short/long-range interactions. Relevant improvements of our mathematical model with respect to similar microscopic-discrete approaches present in the literature are: (i) each pedestrian has his/her own dynamic gazing direction, which is regarded to as an independent degree of freedom and (ii) each walker is allowed to take dynamic strategic decisions according to his/her environmental awareness, which increases due to new information acquired on the surrounding space through their visual region. The resulting mathematical modeling environment is then applied to specific scenarios that, although simplified, resemble real-word situations. In particular, we focus on pedestrian flow in two-dimensional buildings with several structural elements (i.e., corridors, divisors and columns, and exit doors). The noticeable heterogeneity of possible applications demonstrates the potential of our mathematical model in addressing different engineering problems, allowing for optimization issues as well.},
keywords = {forward propagation, pedestrian, sensitivity analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{colombo-2005-cdyn,
title = {Pedestrian flows and non-classical shocks},
author = {Rinaldo M. Colombo and Massimiliano D. Rosini},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mma.624},
doi = {10.1002/mma.624},
volume = {28},
number = {13},
pages = {1553--1567},
abstract = {We present a model for the flow of pedestrians that describes features typical of this flow, such as the fall due to panic in the outflow of people through a door. The mathematical techniques essentially depend on the use of non-classical shocks in scalar conservation laws.},
keywords = {evacuation, flow, macroscopic, mathematics, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@phdthesis{daamen-2004-cdyn,
title = {Modelling passenger flows in public transport facilities},
author = {Winnie Daamen},
url = {https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:e65fb66c-1e55-4e63-8c49-5199d40f60e1?collection=research},
isbn = {90-407-2521-7},
address = {Delft, The Netherlands},
institution = {Delft University of Technology},
abstract = {This thesis describes the developement of a new type of simulation tool for the assessment of designs of public transport facilities (stations, airports) and other public spaces with intensive pedestrian flows. Since the available space for such facilities is increasingly under pressure, the space efficiency and walking comfort is becoming more and more important. The developed simulation tool provides designers and decision-makers with all kinds of quantitative information about the expected quality of pedestrian (traffic) flows such as travel times, waiting times, queue building, preferred routes, visits to shops and counters, etc. This information is very useful in comparing multiple designs as well as to optimise a specific design. The simulation model also is meant to improve schedules of public transport services at interchange nodes by minimising passenger transfer times. To that end, special attention is paid to the modelling of boarding and alighting processes. New insights about walking have been gained by performing unique large-scale laboratory experiments in which large groups of subjects were assigned various walking tasks, such as high volume crossing flows and walking through bottlenecks until flow breaks down. Specific walking and route choice models are developed using observations of passengers on platforms (such as in Delft) and route choice through the station (such as in Delft and Breda). The tool has proven its value in the analysis of new designs of the future Rotterdam Central Station and performance tests of the new Breskens-Vlissingen ferry terminals.},
keywords = {empirical, experiment, fundamental diagram, informatics, modeling, route choice, transportation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
@article{daamen-2005-cdyn,
title = {First-Order Pedestrian Traffic Flow Theory},
author = {Winnie Daamen and Serge P. Hoogendoorn and Piet H. L. Bovy},
doi = {10.1177/0361198105193400105},
volume = {1934},
number = {1},
pages = {43--52},
abstract = {This paper discusses the validity of first-order traffic flow theory for the description of two-dimensional pedestrian flow operations in the case of an oversaturated bottleneck in front of which a large high-density region has formed. The paper shows how observations of density, speed, and flow that have been collected from laboratory walking experiments can be interpreted from the viewpoint of first-order theory. It is observed that pedestrians present at the same cross section inside of the congested region may encounter different flow conditions. This mainly depends on the lateral position of the pedestrian with respect to the center of the congested region. In the lateral center, high densities and low speeds are observed. However, on the boundary of the congested region, pedestrians may walk in nearly free-flow conditions and literally walk around this congested region. Visualization of these data in the flow-density plane results in a large scatter of points that have similar flows (bottleneck capacity) but different densities. This can be explained by noticing that observations of congestion of pedestrian traffic over the total width of the cross section do not belong to a single fundamental diagram but belong to a set of different fundamental diagrams. This observation has consequences for estimation of the fundamental diagram describing pedestrian traffic.},
keywords = {bottleneck, density, experiment, flow, fundamental diagram, macroscopic, measurements, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{richards-1956-cdyn,
title = {Shock Waves on the Highway},
author = {Paul I. Richards},
doi = {10.1287/opre.4.1.42},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {42--51},
abstract = {A simple theory of traffic flow is developed by replacing individual vehicles with a continuous ``fluid'' density and applying an empirical relation between speed and density. Characteristic features of the resulting theory are a simple ``graph-shearing'' process for following the development of traffic waves in time and the frequent appearance of shock waves. The effect of a traffic signal on traffic streams is studied and found to exhibit a threshold effect wherein the disturbances are minor for light traffic but suddenly build to large values when a critical density is exceeded.},
keywords = {flow, macroscopic, mathematics, modeling, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{ronchi-2014-cdyn,
title = {A Method for the Analysis of Behavioural Uncertainty in Evacuation Modelling},
author = {Enrico Ronchi and Paul A. Reneke and Richard D. Peacock},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-013-0352-7},
journal = {Fire Technology},
volume = {50},
issue = {6},
pages = {1545--1571},
abstract = {Evacuation models generally include the use of distributions or probabilistic variables to simulate the variability of possible human behaviours. A single model setup of the same evacuation scenario may therefore produce a distribution of different occupant-evacuation time curves in the case of the use of a random sampling method. This creates an additional component of uncertainty caused by the impact of the number of simulated runs of the same scenario on evacuation model predictions, here named behavioural uncertainty. To date there is no universally accepted quantitative method to evaluate behavioural uncertainty and the selection of the number of runs is left to a qualitative judgement of the model user. A simple quantitative method using convergence criteria based on functional analysis is presented to address this issue. The method permits (1) the analysis of the variability of model predictions in relation to the number of runs of the same evacuation scenario, i.e. the study of behavioural uncertainty and (2) the identification of the optimal number of runs of the same scenario in relation to pre-defined acceptance criteria.},
keywords = {evacuation, fire, pedestrian, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{shi-2018-cdyn,
title = {A Newly developed Mesoscopic Model on Simulating Pedestrian Flow},
author = {Meng Shi and Eric Wai Ming Lee and Yi Ma},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705817362781},
doi = {10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.055},
issn = {1877-7058},
volume = {211},
pages = {614--620},
abstract = {This paper presents a newly developed mesoscopic model with grid-based structure for building evacuation simulation. The evacuation space in this model is discretized into cells with larger size than that of the microscopic models. This mesoscopic model directly computes the density flow between the cells governed by the density flow algorithm. The computation speed is higher than the traditional cellular automata model in which the movements of all pedestrians should be tracked for calculating the crowd density. To test the feasibility of this model, we applied it to a typical scenario in which pedestrians evacuate from a square room with single exit and conducted parameter sensitivity study on the length of the time step ??. The simulation results show that, within a valid range, changing ?? only has minor influence on the evacuation process. We can directly identify area with high density as bottleneck from dynamically changed density map even the relatively large time step is adopted. In addition, the commercial package AnyLogic was used to benchmark the performance of this model. The results show that the mesoscopic model discerns evacuation patterns in more details compared to the macroscopic models and with higher efficiently computational speed than the microscopic models.},
note = {2017 8th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (ICFSFPE 2017)},
keywords = {density, dynamics, evacuation, fire, floor field, flow, informatics, mesoscopic, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{simon-1999-cdyn,
title = {Simple queueing model applied to the city of Portland},
author = {Patrice M. Simon and Jörg Esser and Kai Nagel},
doi = {10.1142/S0129183199000747},
volume = {10},
number = {05},
pages = {941--960},
abstract = {We use a simple traffic micro-simulation model based on queueing dynamics as introduced by Gawron [IJMPC, 9(3):393, 1998] in order to simulate traffic in Portland/Oregon. Links have a flow capacity, that is, they do not release more vehicles per second than is possible according to their capacity. This leads to queue built-up if demand exceeds capacity. Links also have a storage capacity, which means that once a link is full, vehicles that want to enter the link need to wait. This leads to queue spill-back through the network. The model is compatible with route-plan-based approaches such as TRANSIMS, where each vehicle attempts to follow its pre-computed path. Yet, both the data requirements and the computational requirements are considerably lower than for the full TRANSIMS microsimulation. Indeed, the model uses standard emme/2 network data, and runs about eight times faster than real time with more than 100 000 vehicles simultaneously in the simulation on a single Pentium-type CPU. We derive the model's fundamental diagrams and explain it. The simulation is used to simulate traffic on the emme/2 network of the Portland (Oregon) metropolitan region (20 000 links). Demand is generated by a simplified home-to-work destination assignment which generates about half a million trips for the morning peak. Route assignment is done by iterative feedback between micro-simulation and router. An iterative solution of the route assignment for the above problem can be achieved within about half a day of computing time on a desktop workstation. We compare results with field data and with results of traditional assignment runs by the Portland Metropolitan Planning Organization. Thus, with a model such as this one, it is possible to use a dynamic, activities-based approach to transportation simulation (such as in TRANSIMS) with affordable data and hardware. This should enable systematic research about the coupling of demand generation, route assignment, and micro-simulation output.},
keywords = {flow, mesoscopic, modeling, physics, traffic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@mastersthesis{smedberg-2019-cdyn,
title = {The Analysis of Results of Stochastic Evacuation Models},
author = {Erik Smedberg},
url = {https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/8974418},
institution = {Lund University},
series = {LUTVDG/TVBB},
abstract = {All humans are unique, we have different characteristics and we make different decision. This is a challenge when it comes to modelling human behaviour. The models we design are based on mathematics where there is no room for inconsistencies such that are present in human behaviour. So how do we account for this when we try to model human behaviour in evacuation modelling? Most models provide the possibility to include mathematical distributions and 
algorithms that are supposed to represent this uncertainty that we refer to as behavioural uncertainty. This thesis aims at providing a method based on functional analysis and statistics that can be used to study the effects of behavioural uncertainty on evacuation simulation results and in particular to study convergence in results for important output parameters. Previous work has 
been done for the most important evacuation model output, namely the evacuation time. The work in this thesis contributes by including other output parameters which are of importance both for the evacuation time and other aspects of evacuation safety. The method is accompanied by a tool that helps the user in this kind of quantitative assessment. A demonstration of the method and the tool has been provided through the use of a case study. The results showed that the analysis is efficient in analysing convergence in results for a variety of output parameters, even for output parameters with varying number of data points. This enables a more comprehensive and detailed analysis than what has previously been shown, ensuring that the behaviours that govern evacuation time also have converged in results.},
note = {Student Paper},
keywords = {fire, Stochasticity, uncertainty quantification},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {mastersthesis}
}
@article{teknomo-2005-cdyn,
title = {Sensitivity Analysis and Validation of a Multi-Agents Pedestrian Model},
author = {Kardi Teknomo and Gloria P. Gerilla},
doi = {10.11175/easts.6.198},
journal = {Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies},
volume = {6},
pages = {198--213},
abstract = {We present a pedestrian movement model, which use a multi agents system for pedestrian traffic analysis. The model captures the dynamic microscopic interaction between pedestrians, which cannot be addressed using traditional macroscopic approach. The pedestrians are modeled as autonomous agents with non-linear system differential equations. The pedestrian agents may avoid other pedestrians, passing and overtaking slower pedestrians and to form a self-organization behavior of lane formations as in real pedestrian studies. A critical issue for such multi-agent pedestrian models, however, is the validation of the model against real world data. We show that the sensitivity analysis of control variables and parameters of the multi-agents model form the basis in ensuring the validation step. The model was automatically validated using real world data by minimizing the difference between the speed distributions. With the validated model, we can utilize model applications to evaluate pedestrian facilities.},
keywords = {differential equations, pedestrian, sensitivity analysis, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{teknomo-2008-cdyn,
title = {Mesoscopic Multi-Agent Pedestrian Simulation},
author = {Kardi Teknomo and Gloria Gerilla},
isbn = {978-1-60456-031-2},
pages = {323--336},
keywords = {dynamics, informatics, mesoscopic, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@incollection{templeton-2020b-cdyn,
title = {Modelling Collective Behaviour: Insights and Applications from Crowd Psychology (unpublished)},
author = {Anne Templeton and Fergus Neville},
abstract = {Research from crowd psychology and pedestrian dynamics can inform one another to improve understandings and predictions of collective behaviour. In this chapter, we provide an overview of theoretical insights from crowd psychology on intragroup and intergroup behaviour and discuss possible avenues for implementing principles of the social identity approach into pedestrian models. Specifically, we debate the use of outdated assumptions of crowd behaviour, discuss how the core tenets of social identity theory and self-categorisation theory are central to understanding collective behaviour, showcase how perceptions and experiences of crowd members can be dynamic and influence their perceived safety and behaviour, and then point to recent trends in using crowd psychology to inform models of pedestrian movement and behaviour in emergencies. Finally, we examine barriers to incorporating social psychological theory into models, and look ahead to potential collaborative projects to improve crowd safety and experiences.},
keywords = {crowd, pedestrian, psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
@article{toll-2017-cdyn,
title = {The Medial Axis of a Multi-Layered Environment and its Application as a Navigation Mesh},
author = {Wouter Van Toll and Atlas F. Cook IV and Marc J. Van Kreveld and Roland Geraerts},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.05141},
journal = {arXiv},
abstract = {Path planning for walking characters in complicated virtual environments is a fundamental task in simulations and games. A navigation mesh is a data structure that allows efficient path planning. The Explicit Corridor Map (ECM) is a navigation mesh based on the medial axis. It enables path planning for disk-shaped characters of any radius. 
In this paper, we formally extend the medial axis (and therefore the ECM) to 3D environments in which characters are constrained to walkable surfaces. Typical examples of such environments are multi-storey buildings, train stations, and sports stadiums. We give improved definitions of a walkable environment (WE: a description of walkable surfaces in 3D) and a multi-layered environment (MLE: a subdivision of a WE into connected layers). We define the medial axis of such environments based on projected distances on the ground plane. For an MLE with n boundary vertices and k connections, we show that the medial axis has size O(n), and we present an improved algorithm that constructs the medial axis in O(nlognlogk) time. 
The medial axis can be annotated with nearest-obstacle information to obtain the ECM navigation mesh. Our implementations show that the ECM can be computed efficiently for large 2D and multi-layered environments, and that it can be used to compute paths within milliseconds. This enables simulations of large virtual crowds of heterogeneous characters in real-time.},
keywords = {navigation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{tordeux-2018-cdyn,
title = {A mesoscopic model for large-scale simulation of pedestrian dynamics},
author = {Antoine Tordeux and Gregor Lämmel and Flurin S. Hänseler and Bernhard Steffen},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968090X18307228},
doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2018.05.021},
issn = {0968-090X},
volume = {93},
pages = {128--147},
abstract = {A mesoscopic pedestrian model is proposed, considering pedestrians as individuals and describing their movement by means of aggregate density-flow relationships. The model builds on a stochastic process, describing transition rates among adjacent sites on a lattice. Each lattice can contain several pedestrians. The approach is minimal and fast to simulate, and, by construction, capable of capturing population heterogeneity as well as variability in walking behaviour and en-route path choice. The model is more efficient than microscopic models, and potentially more accurate than macroscopic ones. We calibrate and validate the model using real data and carry out several numerical experiments to present its key properties and possible applications for simulation of large-scale scenarios.},
keywords = {dynamics, informatics, mesoscopic, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{viswanathan-2014-cdyn,
title = {Quantitative comparison between crowd models for evacuation planning and evaluation},
author = {Vaisagh Viswanathan and Chong Eu Lee and Michael Harold Lees and Siew Ann Cheong and Peter M. A. Sloot},
doi = {10.1140/epjb/e2014-40699-x},
abstract = {Crowd simulation is rapidly becoming a standard tool for evacuation planning and evaluation. However, the many crowd models in the literature are structurally different, and few have been rigorously calibrated against real-world egress data, especially in emergency situations. In this paper we describe a procedure to quantitatively compare different crowd models or between models and real-world data. We simulated three models: (1) the lattice gas model, (2) the social force model, and (3) the RVO2 model, and obtained the distributions of six observables: (1) evacuation time, (2) zoned evacuation time, (3) passage density, (4) total distance traveled, (5) inconvenience, and (6) flow rate. We then used the DISTATIS procedure to compute the compromise matrix of statistical distances between the three models. Projecting the three models onto the first two principal components of the compromise matrix, we find the lattice gas and RVO2 models are similar in terms of the evacuation time, passage density, and flow rates, whereas the social force and RVO2 models are similar in terms of the total distance traveled. Most importantly, we find that the zoned evacuation times of the three models to be very different from each other. Thus we propose to use this variable, if it can be measured, as the key test between different models, and also between models and the real world. Finally, we compared the model flow rates against the flow rate of an emergency evacuation during the May 2008 Sichuan earthquake, and found the social force model agrees best with this real data.},
keywords = {empirical, evacuation, modeling, validation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@unpublished{woelki-unpublished-cdyn,
title = {Fundamental diagram of a one-dimensional cellular automaton model for pedestrian flow -- the ASEP with shuffl ed update},
author = {Marko Woölki and Andreas Schadschneider and Michael Schreckenberg},
abstract = {A one-dimensional cellular automaton model for pedestrian flow that describes the movement of pedestrians in a long narrow corridor is investigated. The model is equivalent to the asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) with periodic boundary conditions and shuffled dynamics. In this type of update, the positions of the pedestrians are updated in a random order during one discrete time step. We derive expressions for the fundamental diagrams that are in very good agreement with simulation data. Finally we make a generalization to higher velocities and to two dimensions without lane-changing of the pedestrians.},
note = {unpublished},
keywords = {cellular automata, fundamental diagram, update},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {unpublished}
}
@article{xue-2017-cdyn,
title = {Pedestrian counter flow in discrete space and time: experiment and its implication for CA modelling},
author = {Shuqi Xue and Rui Jiang and Bin Jia and Ziyang Wang and Xuan Zhang},
doi = {10.1080/21680566.2017.1365662},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {169--184},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {20Cellular automaton (CA) approach has been widely used in pedestrian flow studies. However, one problem of CA approach is that gridlock usually occurs in counter flow. One possible reason is that CA models still do not represent correctly cognitive processes of real people. To study whether the gridlock would occur when real people were required to walk in discrete space and time, we performed an experimental study on pedestrian counter flow. Remarkable collaboration behaviours of pedestrians have been observed, which enable the formation of exit rows and prevent the formation of gridlock. Furthermore, we performed a comparative experiment in which pedestrians walked under normal condition. Our studies indicate that to fully describe pedestrian counter flow with CA approach, the remarkable collaboration behaviours of pedestrians need to be considered. Moreover, one might also need to consider other factors such as flexible characteristics of pedestrians, small cell size, and various walk speeds.},
keywords = {behavior, bidirectional, cellular automata, cooperative, experiment, flow, informatics, microscopic, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{xue-2020-cdyn,
title = {Revealing the hidden rules of bidirectional pedestrian flow based on an improved floor field cellular automata model},
author = {Shuqi Xue and Claudio Feliciani and Xiaomeng Shi and Tongfei Li},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569190X19301753},
doi = {10.1016/j.simpat.2019.102044},
issn = {1569-190X},
volume = {100},
pages = {102044},
abstract = {The floor field cellular automaton model (FFCA) has been widely adopted to simulate pedestrian and evacuation dynamics. Many self-organized phenomena could be reproduced with the FFCA model, such as the lane formation in bidirectional pedestrian flow. However, as presented in this study, when we tried to use the FFCA model to simulate an experiment on bidirectional pedestrian flows performed in discrete space and time, we found the model failed to agree with the empirical results. The gridlock formation (not observed in the experiment) was unavoidable in the FFCA model and the clearance time in simulation was much larger than that of the experiment. From the experiments, we observed that people would like to stop if they would foresee a benefit in the near feature and consequently give way to people coming from the opposite direction. This inspired us to incorporate such behavioral rules for modeling pedestrian movements in bidirectional flows. To this end, we introduced a waiting time rule to the original FFCA model. Results showed the performance of the model could be significantly improved. The gridlock probability could be reduced to zero, with clearance time agreeing well with the experimental outcome. Findings from this study can provide meaningful insights for researchers into understanding the pedestrian behavior in bidirectional flow and help develop more reliable simulation software.},
keywords = {bidirectional, cellular automata, flow, informatics, microscopic, modeling, pedestrian},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
@article{yanagisawa-2016-cdyn,
title = {Coordination Game in Bidirectional Flow},
author = {Daichi Yanagisawa},
doi = {10.17815/CD.2016.8},
issn = {2366-8539},
volume = {1},
pages = {1--14},
abstract = {We have introduced evolutionary game dynamics to a one-dimensional cellular- automaton to investigate evolution and maintenance of cooperative avoiding behavior of self-driven particles in bidirectional flow. In our model, there are two kinds of particles, which are right-going particles and left-going particles. They often face opponent particles, so that they swerve to the right or left stochastically in order to avoid conflicts. The particles reinforce their preferences of the swerving direction after their successful avoidance. The preference is also weakened by memory-loss effect. Result of our simulation indicates that cooperative avoiding behavior is achieved, i.e., swerving directions of the particles are unified, when the density of particles is close to 1/2 and the memory-loss rate is small. Furthermore, when the right-going particles occupy the majority of the system, we observe that their flow increases when the number of left-going particles, which prevent the smooth movement of right-going particles, becomes large. It is also investigated that the critical memory-loss rate of the cooperative avoiding behavior strongly depends on the size of the system. Small system can prolong the cooperative avoiding behavior in wider range of memory-loss rate than large system.},
keywords = {behavior, bidirectional, cellular automata, cooperative, flow, informatics, mathematics, microscopic, modeling, pedestrian, self-driven particles},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}